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1075
Fight between HRE Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over who had more power; Henry drove Gregory out of Rome; Gregory excommunicated Henry; Henry did penance standing (barefoot in the snow) to be absolved...Henry won and controlled the papacy |
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| reformer who was afraid of that the clergy were losing their morals; he was especially against married clergy and for celibacy, however he only enforced the rule about marriage to new priests (those already illegally married did not have to get rid of their wives) |
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| rich monk from Mourmoutiers who excommunicated the Greek Orthodox church without permission, wrote three books against simony and royal interference in church matters |
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Investiture Controversy- claimed the right to control secular and religious offices
Became pope in 1073 |
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| split between the East and West churches |
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| buying and selling of church officers, according to Humbert monarchs should not even be present at consecrations |
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| 27 statements of papal power that said the pope could depose any monarch, said no king could get you into heaven, under Gregory VII's reign |
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Investiture Controversy
Disliked by aristocrats who elected a new king, but his son Henry V fixed everything during his reign |
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| place where Henry IV did penance to reverse his excommunication |
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| persuaded Henry II and Philip II to undertake the Third Crusade (The King's Crusade) |
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| friend of Henry II who he appointed to be archbishop of Canterbury but then became religious; had disagreements with Henry over the power of the church; murdered in the cathedral by Henry's followers |
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1122
return to the status quo of before the Investiture Controversy |
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| Sunni Muslim dynasty that controlled the Middle East between the 11th-14th centuries; conquered the Persians; power struggles allowed the First Crusade to be successful |
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| ERE reigned 1068-1071; wanted to rebuild the military and conquer the Turks; was afraid the Turks were going to attack him so he attacked them; captured at the Battle of Manzikert |
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1071
ERE vs. Turks, Turks victorious
led to Nicaea falling under Turkish rule in 1078 |
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| ERE; wanted to regain the territories lost at Manzikert and needed money but didn't want to ask for it; finally asked the pope who in turn called the Council of Clermont |
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| called the Council of Clermont where he gave a speech about the need to invade the Holy Land because the Turks were a threat to the ERE and if the ERE fell then the WRE would fall next; called on men's honor as warriors and Christians |
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Nov 1095
rally for the First Crusade
held in France |
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April-Oct 1096
peasants (men, women, children, and the elderly) decided to go on Crusade after hearing Urban II; most were slaughtered upon arrival |
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| leader of the People's Crusade, was not killed because he sent everyone else along first |
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| launched the German Crusade in 1096 (persecution of Jews) |
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important Christian city that had fallen under Turkish rule
first objective of the First Crusade was to recapture it; siege and battle in May 1097; heavy losses on both sides but the Christians eventually gained control |
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| battle site in 1097 where the Crusaders won access to travel freely through Anatolia |
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| Count Bohemond (leader of the Crusade) decided he wanted to control it so he separated his army from everyone else's and went there to try and gain control; he was successful because they made a promise that his friend Baldwin would be the next ruler |
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| second objective of the First Crusade was to recapture Antioch; laid siege to the city in Oct 1097 but were not prepared...morale was kept up when the holy lance was "found" |
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| Turkish military leader who attacked Antioch and the Crusaders |
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| soldier and mystic; claimed to have seen the holy lance and found it |
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| bishop and spiritual leader of the Crusade; established discipline |
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| Muslim military leader who laid siege to a Crusader fortress; recaptured Edessa |
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| Zengi's son; attacked Christians in the areas surrounding Antioch |
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| Cistercian monk who founded his own monastery in Clairvaux; disliked Peter Abelard, said he was a heretic, said people could only know God emotionally; advocated for the Second Crusade; |
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| led the Second Crusade w/ Conrad of Germany but abandoned his men in Southern Turkey; married to Eleanor of Acquitane |
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| recruited for and feudal leader of Second Crusade; Queen of France and then England; only evidence for courtly love came from her court |
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| Prince Raymond of Antioch |
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| Eleanor's uncle; prince of Antioch; won a power struggle with the ERE for control of Antioch |
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| allied with Jerusalem against Zengi |
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1187
Jerusalem vs. Muslims
Crusaders captured and killed in Israel
the Holy Land was returned to the Muslims |
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| Kurdish Muslim leader who wiped out the Crusaders during the Second Crusade; regained Jerusalem; signed a treaty with Richard II allowing Christians access to Acre, Jaffa, and Jerusalem |
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| king of England; leader in the Second and Third Crusades; conquered Cyprus |
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| RC religious order; bankers, knights; influenced by Bernard of Clairvaux who supported them and wrote on the proper behavior of knights |
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| established to build hospitals and protect pilgrims in the Holy Land; ordered with the care and defense of the Holy Land |
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| German RC order founded to help Crusaders and build hospitals |
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| rhetoric, logic, and grammar |
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| arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy |
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| really smart guy who knew he was smart; had a love affair with student Heloise; beginnings of dialectical thinking although he was about 100 years too early; advocated faith through reason; placed on trial for heresy by Bernard |
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Abelard's book "Yes and No," talks about contradictions in the Bible
seen as mocking the church |
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| satiric poetry from the 12-13th centuries; written in Latin, mocking the church |
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| poetry about great deeds, the world of feudalism; often set in the time of Charlemagne although there was no feudalism when Charlemagne ruled; examples are Raoul de Cambrai and The Song of Roland |
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| lyric poetry circa 11th century before people could read |
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| genre of literature that was a blend of Northern and Southern literary traditions; popular in England and France; often about King Arthur; about the individual on a divine quest |
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| poem about a Spanish war hero of the same name; written in the vernacular |
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