Term
| What is the function of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
- Carries O2
- Delivers nutrients and hormones
- Removes CO2 |
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Term
| What are the 3 subsystems of the circulatory system? |
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Definition
1. Systemic
2. Pulmonary
3. Portal |
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Term
| What is systemic circulation? |
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Definition
| All the vessels serving the body, except the lungs and liver |
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Term
| What is pulmonary circulation? |
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Definition
| All the vessels serving the lungs, acting to reoxygenate the blood |
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Term
| What is the portal system? |
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Definition
| The portal vein and its tributaries, delivering nutrients from the GI tract to its liver |
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Term
| What drives the circulatory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of the heart? |
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Definition
2 sides:
1. Left - consists of atrium and ventricle
2. Right - consists of atrium and ventricle |
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Term
| What type of tissue makes up the heart? |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle and connective tissue |
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Term
| Where is this organ located, in the thorax? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the atria? Which system does each work with? |
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Definition
| Receives blood to heart - right atria receives from body (venous blood), left receives from pulmonary circulation |
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Term
| What is the function of the ventricles? Which system does each work with? |
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Definition
Pumps blood out of heart:
- LV pumps blood into aorta
- RV pumps blood into pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| What are the 4 valves in the heart, and what does each separate? |
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Definition
1. Bicuspid (mitral) - LV and LA
2. Tricuspid - RV and RA
3. Pulmonary - RV and pulmonary trunk
4. Aortic - LV and aorta |
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Term
| What structure does the right atria receive blood from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into? |
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Definition
| L and R pulmonary arteries |
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Term
| What is the function of the L/R pulm arteries? |
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Definition
| Delivers blood to the lungs |
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Term
| What structure does the LA receive blood from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure does blood enter from the LV? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first major structure of the aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main branches of the aorta? Name them in proper order |
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Definition
1. Brachiocephalic
2. Left common carotid
3. Left Subclavian |
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Term
| What two vessels does the brachiocephalic artery bifurcate into? |
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Definition
1. Right common carotid
2. Right subclavian |
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Term
| How does the aorta continue after these 3 branches? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the descending aorta become, as it passes through the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into? |
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Definition
| The left and right iliac arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| A 3 layered sac around the heard |
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Term
| What are the three layers, from outermost to innermost? |
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Definition
1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Parietal serous pericardium
3. Visceral serous pericardium |
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Term
| What is the fibrous peri? |
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Definition
| The single, dense CT layer surrounding the heart, serious pericardia and the roots of the great vessels |
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Term
| (T/F) The root of the fibrous peri is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) There is no attachment between serous and fibrous pericardia |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the serous pericardium? |
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Definition
| The bi layered membrane forming the pericardial sac |
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Term
| What is found within this sac? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two layers of the serous pericardium, and what is each attached to? |
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Definition
1. Parietal - attached to fibrous peri
2. Visceral - fused to myocardium |
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Term
| (T/F) The serious pericardium forms the outermost layer of the heart itself |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| From the anterior surface, what are the 4 borders of the heart? What forms each? |
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Definition
| 1. Right - wall of right atrium 2. Left - left ventricle and left auricle 3. Inferior - right atrium and ventricle 4. Superior - where roots of great vessels arise |
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Term
| What is the significance of the superior border? |
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Definition
| Where the roots of the great vessels arise |
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Term
| What is the apex of the heart? The base? |
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Definition
| The tip of the LV; the superior margin of the heart |
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Term
| (T/F) The inferior border rests on the diaphragm |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 surfaces of the heart? What forms each? |
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Definition
1. Anterior - right atrium and ventricle, with a piece of the left ventricle
2. Left - mostly left ventricle
3. Diaphragmatic - both ventricles, base of the left atrium, roots of the great vessels |
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Term
| List the prominent surface features of the heart? |
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Definition
1. Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus
2. Interventricular sulcus |
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Term
| What is found in these sulci? |
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Definition
| Blood vessels supplying tissue of the heart |
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Term
| What do these sulci lie on to of? |
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Definition
1. Atrioventricular septum
2. Interventricular septum |
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Term
| What forms the right atrium? |
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Definition
| The venae cavae and the smooth surface between them |
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Term
| What two septa help form the right atria? |
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Definition
1. The interatrial septum
2. Right portion of the atrioventricular septum |
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Term
| What is contained in the right atrioventricular septum? |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) The venae cavae empty towards each other into a smooth walled section of the atrium |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the crista terminalis? Where is it located? |
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Definition
| A ridge separating the smooth wall from muscular wall; anterior atrial wall |
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Term
| What does the muscular wall consist of |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure do these muscles run to? |
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Definition
| The atrial appendage (auricle) |
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Term
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Definition
| A vestigial flap that projects forward, in conjunction with the left auricle |
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Term
| What structure is to the left of the IVC? What is its function? |
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Definition
| The coronary (cardiac) sinus; drains most of the myocardium |
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Term
| What is the fossa ovalis? What structure was it formed from? Where is it? |
|
Definition
- Depression in the interatrial septum
- Formed from the foramen ovale closing |
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Term
| (T/F) The wall of the RV is much thicker than that of the RA |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when the RV contracts? |
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Definition
| The tricuspid valve closes, and blood rushes up the infundibulum and passes through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| What is the chordinae tendinae? What is the function of this structure? |
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Definition
- Tendons connecting the flaps of the valves to the interior surface of the heart
- Prevent prolapse of the valves |
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Term
| What is the muscle that controls the chordinae tendinae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are trabeculae carnae? Where are they found? |
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Definition
- Ridges of muscle
- In the walls of the ventricle |
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|
Term
| What is a moderator band? |
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Definition
| A round bundle of muscle fibers linking the interventricular septum with the ventricular wall |
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Term
| (T/F) The interventricular septum has two parts, the lower being muscular and the upper being membranous |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) The LA forms the base of the heart |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (T/F) It is supplied by a fixed number of pulmonary veins |
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Definition
| False, variable number - usually two per side |
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Term
| (T/F) The LA is thick walled |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure is found on the LA? Describe the relationship between this structure and the aorta. |
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Definition
| Left auricle; points around the left side of the aortic arch |
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Term
| What structure allows blood to pass from the LA to LV? |
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Definition
| The left atrioventricular orfice |
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Term
| (T/F) The LV walls is 3x as thick as the RV wall |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Because LV supplies systemic circulation |
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Term
| What is the main difference between the LV and RV? |
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Definition
| The valve separating the LA and LV only has 2 cusps, not 3 |
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|
Term
| Describe the difference between the chordinae tendinae, and the papillary muscles, in the LV and RV |
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Definition
| Both structures are more robust in the LV |
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|
Term
| (T/F) The aortic and pulmonary trunks are similar in structure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 semilunar sac-like cusps that fill upon diastole (prevents regurgitation of blood) |
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|
Term
| What structure helps promote the closure of the aortic/pulmonary valves? |
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Definition
| The nodules located in the centre of each cusp |
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|
Term
| Where do the roots of the great vessels lie? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe how each root leaves the base of the heart |
|
Definition
1. Pulm trunk: rises straight from the top of the right ventricle
2. Asc aorta: rises to the left of the pulm trunk, turns into aortic arch |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 bulges/dilations, found at the base of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is each sinus located? |
|
Definition
| Above one of the cusps of the aortic/pulm valves |
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|
Term
| (T/F) 2 of these sinus give rise to the coronary arteries |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinuses? |
|
Definition
| 2; left coronary and right coronary |
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|
Term
| (T/F) These coronary arteries run under the L/R auricle, respectively |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the route of the RCA? |
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Definition
| Runs down to find the anterior antrioventricular sulcus, then runs backwards in the AV as far as the posterior IV sulcus |
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|
Term
| What happens to the RCA at this point? |
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Definition
| Descends in the posterior IV sulcis as the posterior descending (interventricular) artery |
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|
Term
| (T/F) The post desc art is the only structure of the RCA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the other vessel the RCA leads to? What structures does this supply? |
|
Definition
| The right marginal branch; the right ventricular wall |
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|
Term
| What vessels does the LCA branch into? |
|
Definition
1. Anterior descending (interventricular) artery
2. Left circumflex artery (passes behind AV sulcus) |
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|
Term
| (T/F) These vessels anastomose to form the circle and loop scheme |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the vessels involved in venous drainage of the heart? |
|
Definition
1. Great CV
2. Middle CV
3. Small CV
4. Coronary sinus |
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|
Term
| Describe the route of the GCV |
|
Definition
| Passes up the anterior IV sulcus, goes around the left border |
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|
Term
| What is the fate of the GCV? |
|
Definition
| Turns into the coronary sinus on the poertior margin of the heart |
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|
Term
| Where does the CS drain into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the route of the MGV? |
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Definition
| Runs up the posterior IV sulcus to drain into the CS |
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|
Term
| Describe the route of the SCV? |
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Definition
| Runs up the right border of the heart and passes around the back in the AV sulcus to join the CS just before it enters the RA |
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|
Term
| How is the heart innvervated? |
|
Definition
| By efferent autonomic fibers |
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|
Term
| What plexus innervates the heart? Where does this plexus lie? |
|
Definition
| The cardiac plexus; posterior to the heart and anterior to the tracheal bifurcation |
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|
Term
| What portion of the SNS innervates the heart, and how do these fibres reach the heart? |
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Definition
| T1-4; preganglionic fibers descend in the sympathetic trunk. Postsynaptic fibers originate in the 3 cervical ganglia, upper thoracic ganglia and the cardiac splanchnic nerves. All postgang fibers pass through the cardiac plexus |
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|
Term
| Where do most postgang nerves synapse in the heart? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do SNS nerves acting on the heart cause? |
|
Definition
| Increased HR, contractile force, and coronary artery flow |
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|
Term
| What do PNS nerves acting on the heart do? |
|
Definition
| The opposite effects of SNS innervation |
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|
Term
| How does PNS innervation arrive at the heart? Where do these nerves synapse? |
|
Definition
| Via vagus nerves; coronary plexus |
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|
Term
| Where do PNS postgang nerves synapse in the heart? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What structures control contraction of the heart? How is this accomplished? |
|
Definition
| SA node and AV node; both nodes have rythmicity and send out waves of contracitons |
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|
Term
| (T/F) The SA node controls the AV node in a healthy heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the SA node located? |
|
Definition
| In RA near superior caval opening |
|
|
Term
| Where is the AV node located? |
|
Definition
| Lower part of interatrial septum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sends signals down the AV bundle (of HIS) and around the ventricular walls |
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|
Term
| What does the bundle bifurcate into near the bottom of the IV septum? |
|
Definition
| Left and right bundle branches |
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