banned importation of foreign grain;

significantly raised prices for peasants, resolting in political unrests;

made lots of money for the land-owners who ran Parliament

The Great Reform Bill

(1832)

Before this, many boroughs were inaccurately represented in the House of Commons--some boroughs that were represented didn't exist any more, some large and growing boroughs weren't represented at all

reorganized the House of Commons, abolishing rotten buroughs, expanding the electorate, empowering the middle class

Chartist movement

 1838-1840

represented demands of the radical working-class advocates;

advocated for universal male voting suffrage, a secret voting ballot, "one man, one vote" representation in Parliament, abolition of property qualifications for public office, and public education for all classes.

William E. Gladstone

(1807-1898)

Tory prime minister who introduced the Second Reform Bill (1867);

doubled the size of the electorate, gave many industrial workers suffrage

Second Reform Bill

(1867)

Introduced by Disraeli;

doubled the size of the electorate

gave many industrial workers the right to vote

Third Reform Bill

(1885)

government laws and institutions that guarantee all citizens a decent standard of living--

right to strike, old-age pensions, unemployment benefits, etc. etc.

After the abdication of Charles X, he was an aristocrate who became the "Bourgeoisie king" by agreeing to honor the Constitution of 1814;

his reign empowered the bourgeoisie but left the proletariat unrepresented

Abdication of Louis Phillipe

(Feb 1848)

corruption in the government led to riots, and eventually his abdication;

the Chamber of Duputies was pressure by Parisian mobs to claim a republic

New government created by the Constituent (National) Assembly in 1848

(Second Republic)

Louis Napoleon

(Napoleon III)

First president of the Second Republic;

law and order, the elimination of socialism and radicalism, and the interests of the conservative classes (Church, army, property-owners, businesses);

In 1852, claimed himself Napoleon III of the Second French Empire

bourgeoise was grateful for the general prosperity;

proletariat was grateful for the right to form unions

Liberal Empire

(1860-1870)

(Napoleon III)

The Crimean War

(1854-1856)

France and England went to war against Russia so that they wouldn't establish dominacne over the Black Sea possesssions of the Ottomans

France backed down when confronted by the US in the 1860s (humiliating)

Franco-Prussian War

(results for France)

Disastrous & humiliating;

defeat in this war would end the Second Empire and begin the Third Republic

Radical socialist countergovernment that emerged after the French defeat in the Crimean War;

Brutally suppressed by the new, monarch-bourgeois National Assembly

Chamber of Deputies (universal male suuffrage)

Senate (indirectl elected)

cerremonial president (elected by the whole legislature)

created in response to the Revolutions of 1848;

elected by universal male suffrage but controlled by the wealthiest classes

Frankfurt Assembly

(1848-1849)

Austria backed away from the German union

(Lesser Germany got what they wanted)

Called by the Czechs in response to the all-German Frankfurt Conference;

developed the notion of Austroslavism;

before it could take off, Austrian armies restored Hapsburg authority over the nationalities that had claimed independence

Replaced Ferdinand I;

centralized power/suppressed opposition

direct result of Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian war; set up a constitutional governemnt with limited suffrage, granted the Hungarians internal autonomy, created a dual monarchy--the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Slavic minorities were excluded from a voice in government--important cause of WWI

Alexander I

(1801-1825)

Tzar of Russia--modernized government functioning, offered greater freedom to Jews

UNTIL Napoleon invaded Russia--then he started statewide censorship and adherence of all subjects to the Russian Orthodox Church

Two possible successors of Alexander I

(everyone was confused)

What did this confusion lead to?

Constantine and Nicholas;

the Decembrist Revolt

Army officers in St. Petersburg revolted b/c they wanted Constantine to succeed Alexander I;

they thought he would modernize the nation and offer a constitution.

THey were crushed and Nicholas I took the throne

created a secret police, the THird Section, which prevented the spread of revolutionary or Western ideas;

"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality"

Alexander II

(1855-1881)

began as a reformer, ended as a conservative;

ended serfdom

Emancipation Proclamation

(1861)

began in 1890's, in order to remain a world power;

by the beginning of WWI, 25 mil of its 140 mil lived in cities.

Trans-Siberian Railroad linked European and Asiatic Russia;

A lot of the proletariat were employed by abusive government factories