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| conquered Spain in the 470s |
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conquered by the Visigoths in the 470s;
invaded by Muslims in the early 8th century;
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dominated Italy from the 5th century until the 530s;
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| dominated by the Ostrogoths from the 5th century until Justinian reasserted imperial authority during the 530s; the Lombards maintained their hegemony throughout most of Italy from the mid 6th until the mid 8th century; |
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| did not establish a tightly centralized monarchy; maintained their hegemony throughout most f Italy from the mid 6th until the mid 8th century; |
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| fell under the control of other Germanic peoples beginning about the mid-fifth century; Clovis (of the Franks) wiped out the last vestiges of Roman authority in 486; |
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| impressive imperial state; temporarily organized about half of the territories formerly embraced by the western Roman empire; constructed a society that drew on the agricultural resources of continental Europe; oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions; Clovis; ranked as the most powerful and dynamic of the peoples building new states in western Europe; most powerful of the Germanic peoples between the 5th and 9th centuries; Frankish kings lost much of their authority after Clovis' death; aristocratic clan of the Caolingians displaced the line of Clovis; reached its hight point under Charlemagne; beginning in the late eighth century invaded by the Muslims from the south, the Magyars from the east, and the Vikings from the north; |
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| ruled the Franks from 481 until his death in 511; wiped out the last vestiges of Roman authority in Gaul in 486; converted to Roman Christianity rather than Arian Christianity; married to Clotilda; attracted the allegiance of the Christian population of the former Roman empire and the recognition and support from the pope of the western Christian church; |
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| aristocratic clan; displaced the line of Clovis; asserted the authority of the central government; founded by Charles Martel ("Charles the Hammer"); reached its high point under Charlemagne; |
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Charles Martel
"Charles the Hammer" |
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| military prowess; founded the Carolingian dynasty; victory at the battle of Tours in 732 against a Muslim army from Spain; never ruled as king of the Franks; served as deputy to the last of Clovis' descendants; Charles' son claimed the throne in 751; grandfather to Charlemagne; |
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Charlemagne
"Charles the Great" |
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| Charles Martel's grandson; reigned from 768 to 814; temporarily reestablished centralized imperial rule; barely literate but highly intelligent; maintained diplomatic relations with the Byzantine empire and the Abbasid caliphate; his realm included most of modern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and southwestern Germany; conquered northeastern Spain, Bavaria, and Italy as far south as Rome; repressed the rebellions of the Saxons of northern Germany; accepted the title of emperor in 800; crowned by Pope Leo III; only surviving son was Louis the Pious |
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| Charlemagne's Administration |
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| established a court and capital at Aachen; did not have the financial resources to maintain an elaborate bureaucracy or and administrative apparatus; relied on aristocratic deputies known as counts; counts held political, military, and legal authority in local jurisdictions; instituted a new group of imperial officials known as missi dominici ("envoys of the lord ruler") who reviewd the accounts of local authorities; empire bassed on military expeditions |
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| Charlemagne's only surviving son; reigned 814-840; lost control of the counts and other local authorities; three sons dispute the inheritance of the empire and waged bitter wars against each other; in 843 his sons split the empire into 3 parts; |
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| invaded the Carolingian empire in the late eighth century; descendants of nomadic peoples from central Asia who settled in Hungary; expert horsemen; raided settlements in Germany, Italy, and southern France from the late 9th to the mid 10th century; |
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| most feared of all the invaders; mounted raids in northern France even during Charlemagne's reign; pagan gods and beliefs; Norse seafarers who turned their maritime skills more toward raiding and plundering than trading or raising crops; sailed shallow-draft boats that could cross heavy seas and rivers; carefully coordinated their ships' movements and timed their attacks to take advantage of the tides; first began to attack unprotected monasteries in the 790s; mounted larger and more daring raids; |
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| the Viking invasions represented one dimension of a much larger process of Norse expansion; possibly reflected population growth fueled by increased agricultural productivity in Scandinavia; possible that Vikings were lashing out at Christian communities that sent missionaries; the principal cause was probably the quest for wealth through trading and raiding; depended on a remarkable set of shipbuilding techniques and seafaring skills; build rigged boats outfitted with sails that traveled safely and reliably through the open ocean and more sheltered waters; established settlements in the Shetland Islands, the Faeroes, Iceland, and Greenland; Newfoundland and as far south as modern day Maine; most were merchants seeking commercial opportunities or migrants seeking lands to settle and cultivate; |
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| bore the brunt of the earliest Viking raids; small kingdoms established earlier by the Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic peoples merged into a single larger realm; |
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| reigned from 871-899; merged the small kingdoms established by the Angles, Saxon, and other Germanic tribes into one; built a navy to challenge the Vikings; |
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| reigned from 936-971; defeated the Magyar army in 955; supported the papacy against the Lombard people; proclaimed emperor by the pope in 962; start of the Holy Roman Empire; German kingdom rather than an empire; |
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| the end of Carolingian rule let to the proliferation of local authorities; counts collected taxes, organized armed forces, built castles, and provided justice without reference to the Carolingians or other central authorities; |
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| local lords provided grants to retainers; grants enabled retainers to devote their time and energy to the service of their lords; retainers became responsible for the organization of local public works projects, resolution of disputes, and the administration of justice; political authorities and military specialists merged into a hereditary noble class that lived off the agricultural surplus; a lord with retainers may himself be a retainer to a higher lord; |
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| serfs were not free nor slaves; tied to the land; serfs sought protection from lords and pledged their labor and obedience in exchange for security and land to cultivate; could not be sold; passed lands down to their heirs; serfs had little opportunity to move; a manor was large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, agricultural tools, domestic animals, lakes, rivers, and serfs; manors were largely self-sufficient communities; lords maintained mills, bakeries, breweries and wineries; |
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| the small wooden plows used in the Mediterranean made little head way in the heavy, moist soils of the north; a heavy plow with iron tips became available; more expensive; required much more energy; hitched to oxen or draft horses; water mills were constructed; developed a special horse collar; experimented with new methods of rotating crops |
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| surplus could not support cities; local markets and fairs offered opportunities for small-scale exchange; maritime trade flourished in the Mediterranean despite Muslim conquests; Norse seafarers were the most active among the early medieval merchants in the northern seas; population steadily increased |
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| The Conversion and the Spread of Christianity |
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| Clovis and the Franks converted; the Franks had a deep commitment to Roman Christianity; Charlemagne worked to spread Christianity; pagan ways did not entirely disappear; pockets of paganism survived for several centuries; |
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| strong papal leadership; the papacy claimed spiritual authority over all the lands formerly embraced by the western Roman empire; the church split in 1054; Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox; Pope Gregory I; |
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Pope Gregory I
"Gregory the Great" |
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| provided the Roman church with its sense of direction; 590-604 C.E.; mobilized local resources and organized the defense of Rome against the Lombards; reasserted papal primacy; strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance; converted England; Gregory was a monk; |
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| origin in Egypt; St. Benedict provided early monastic movements with discipline and a sense of purpose; monasteries served as inns and places of refuge; served as orphanages and provided medical treatment; often set up schools and offered at least some rudimentary educational services; some maintained libraries and scriptoria |
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| 480-547 C.E.; prepared a set of regulations known as Benedict's Rule for the monastic community; did not permit extreme asceticism; required monks to take vows to lead communal, celibate lives under the absolute direction of the abbot; poverty, chastity, and obedience; St. Scholastica's brother |
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| St. Benedict's sister; adapted the Rule for nuns; |
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