• was the political and social movement that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century

• The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War.

• Germany and Austria formed an alliance in order to prevent or aid each other during war. Especially in case of attack from Russia.
• In 1878, Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War; the resulting Treaty of San Stefano gave Russia considerable influence in the Balkans.
• Italy later joined and it became the Triple Alliance 

• Great Britain, France, and Russia after the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907
• Counter acted against the Triple Alliance

1. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 by Serbian nationalist

2. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

3. Russia mobilizes in Serbia's defense

4. Germany declares war on Russia and France

5. Britain declares war on Germany

• Germany- 700,000
• France- 850,000
• Britain- 90,000

• 2 1/2 Million casualties
• Loss of 15% of territory
• Loss of 30% of industries

• Sunken by German U-Boat killing almost 1200 people (128 Americans)
• Brought Americans into WWI

• 8 1/2 Million Soldiers
• 10 Million Civilians

• Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germany to accept sole responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231–248 (later known as the War Guilt clauses), to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay heavy reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. The total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks (then $31.4 billion, £6,600 million) in 1921 which is roughly equivalent to US$ 385 billion in 2011.

• The League's primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing war through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.

• The Baltic states
• Poland
• Czechoslovakia
• Yugoslovia

• Croatia was given to Yugoslavia, Transylvania to Romania, and Ruthenia and Slovakia to Czechoslovakia.