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| Cultures may change over the course of time; they evolve |
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| The notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their development toward perfection. |
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The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures.
I.E. Cheyenne |
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Similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions are achieved by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike.
Ex. the development of farming in Southwest Asia and Mesoamerica |
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| A mode of subsistence involving some combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants and food. |
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| A society in which human labor, hand tools, and animal power are largely replaced by machines, with an economy primarily based on big factories. |
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| The profound culture change beginning about 10,000 years ago associated with the early domestication of plants and animals and settlement in permanent villages; sometimes referred to as the Neolithic Transition. |
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Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
(Latin hortus means garden)
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| Slash and Burn Cultivation |
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An extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes; this is also known as swidden farming.
(mimics the diversity of the natural ecosystem) |
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| Intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers, and or irrigation |
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| Breeding and managing large herds of domesticated herbivores (grazing and browsing animals), such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels |
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| A society with an economy based on research and development of new knowledge and technologies, as well as providing information, services, and finance capital on a global scale. |
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| An organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods. |
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| Tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them. |
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| Division of Labor by Gender |
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-work is divided into tasks of either one or the other
-home = woman
- physical strength, rapid mobilization of high bursts of energy, frequent travel, and high risk and danger = mens work
- depends on where you are from |
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| Flexible or Integrated Pattern |
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-Ju`hoansi
-common among food foragers
-men and women perform up to 35% of activities with equal participation
-cooperation over competition
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-masculine or feminine
- pastoral nomadic, intensive agriculture, and industrial societies
-men are outside the home for much of the time
- male superiority over women |
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- men and women carry out there work separatly
-relationship is balanced and complementary
-neither gender asserts dominance over the other
- American Indians and subsistence farming |
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| In contemporary industrial and postindustrial societies, there is a great diversity of specialized tasks to be performed, and no individual can even begin to know all of those customarily seen as fitting for his or her age and gender. |
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The exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties
-gain prestige and fulfill social obligations |
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| A mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specific |
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| A mode of exchange in which the giving and receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery. |
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| A mode of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible. Neither fair nor balanced, it may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, outright cheating or theft. |
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A form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade and social relations among the seafaring Trobriand people, who inhabit a large ring of islands off the eastern coast of Papua New Guinea, and other Melanesians.
-exchange red shell necklaces (circulated around the island)
-white shell armbands (circulated the opposite direction) |
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A mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated.
1. gain or maintain a position of power through a display of wealth and generosity
2. assure those who support the leadership an adequate standard of living by providing them with desired goods
3. establish alliances with leaders of other groups by hosting them at lavish parties and giving them valuable goods |
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| A showy display of wealth for social prestige. |
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| On the Northwestern coast of North America, a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth. |
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| Creation of a surplus for the express purpose of displaying wealth and giving it away to raise one`s status. |
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| A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else. |
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| The buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand. |
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Anything used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value; may be special purpose or multipurpose
- salt, shells, precious stones, cacao beans, special beads, livestock, and of course valuable metals such as iron, copper, silver, and gold. |
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| A network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that for various reasons escape government control |
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Social- Kinship
Subsistence- Hunters and gatherers, small scale
Economics- Reciprocity, balanced and generalized, sharing and communality are key |
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Subsistence- Horticulture and Pastoralism; gardeners; tropics
Economics- Redistribution and Reciprocity
Kin Dynamics |
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Subsistence- Pastoralism and Horticulture, Herd Animals, Marginal and Cold
Economics- Redistribution and Reciprocity; trading, taxation
-somalia.. Desertification
-Sammi Reindeer Herders |
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Social- Hierarchy
Subsistence- Big Population, Urbanism
Economic- Market exchange, Taxation, Standing Army, Unstable, Currency, Quantifiable, Value based on supply and demand |
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Power, Wealth, and Prestige
-power of leaders over subjects, encouraging ( generous making you feel obligated)
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Surplus
- gift, the bigger the Moka the higher your status
- generosity and obligation go hand in hand |
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-never good enough
- lessen the ego
- Kalahari shame the meat so that hunters were never better than anyone else |
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| Amplification of the agricultural pattern |
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| Technologies Maximize Yield by: |
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- increased manufacturing
- genetically modified food
-pesticides and fertilizers |
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-profit and bottom lines
-maximizing output
-surplus=wealth |
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-2000 years ago
-linked diverse cultures and economies |
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-1400`s
- reason for discovery of America |
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- grow in cold
-bigger
-colour
-transportable
-shorter growing periods
-pest resistance
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