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| Immanuel Kant’s definition of the Enlightenment: |
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| “Man leaving his self caused immaturity” |
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| Pierre Bayle & Historical and Critical Dictionary: |
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| This French Protestant became a leading critic of traditional religious attitudes and his Historical and Critical Dictionary applied the new rational principles of textual criticism to the Bible as well as secular documents. |
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| the belief that no culture is superior to another because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its meaning from the group holding it. |
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| : the intellects of the Enlightenment (a French term) |
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| Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat) |
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| (1689-1755), came from the French nobility. He received a classical education and studied law. Wrote "Persian Letters" and "The Spirit of the Laws." Of the aristocratic class. |
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| Montesquieus published in 1721, format of two Persians supposedly traveling in western Europe and sending their impressions back home to enable him to criticize French institutions, especially the Catholic church and the French monarchy. Much of the program of the French enlightenment is contained in this work. |
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| Montesquieus most famous work. Published in 1748- this treatise was a comparative study of governments in which he attempted to apply the scientific method to the social and political arena to ascertain the “natural laws” governing the social relationships of human beings. |
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| a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial, powers serve to limit and control each other. Separation and balance of power. |
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| a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, and philosopher known for his wit and his defense of civil liberties, including both freedom of religion and free trade. Best seller of books- "Candide." <<<- Satirizing religious intolerance. |
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| Philosophic Letter on the English |
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| Publication by Voltaire, French philosophe, demonstrating a typical philosophe attitude of admiration for the English - their government system, freedoms of speech, press, religion...Voltaire's greatest cause of concern was religious freedom/toleration. |
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| Voltaire was involved in trying to defend Calas, a French Huguenot wrongly accused, convicted and executed for murder. Another example of Voltaire's crusade on behalf of religious freedom. |
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| Voltaire, religious freedom |
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| : a religious and philosophical belief that a supreme being created the universe, and that this (and religious truth in general) can be determined using reason and observation of the natural world alone, without a need for either faith or organized religion. |
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| a French philosopher, art critic and writer. He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as chief editor of and contributor to the creation of the Encyclopédie. |
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| Perhaps one of the best examples of a “pioneering social scientist” from the Enlightenment, this Scotsman argued that observation, reflection, moral reasoning and “systematized common sense” made conceivable a “science of man.” |
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| a group of economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of land agriculture or land development. Their theories originated in France and were most popular during the second half of the 18th century. Physiocracy is perhaps the first well developed theory of economics. |
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| a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. |
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| is the magnum opus written by Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith and was first published in 1776. |
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| allowing industry to be free of government restriction, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. |
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| : a major Genevois philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought. Wrote Emile |
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| The Social Contract (including General Will) |
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| by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is the book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality |
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| Mary Wollstonecraft (Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792) |
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| an eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and feminist. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. |
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| a word derived from the French for "large room", has taken on various meanings. Social places for intellectuals |
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| Marie Therese de Goeffrin |
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| one of the leading female figures in the French Enlightenment. From 1750-1777, Madame Geoffrin played host to many of the most influential Philosophes and Encyclopédistes of her time. |
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| Crush the infamy, Voltaire signed his letters this way. |
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