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| The brilliant band of mainly __________________ thinkers, known as the ___________________, played an instrumental part in the creation of the Enlightenment. |
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| Why was France such a hotbed for philosophical thought during the Enlightenment? |
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| France was such a hotbed during the Enlightenment because |
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| In John Locke's essay, _______________________________________, he rejected Descartes' prevailing view on human understanding. |
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| the Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
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| Explain the theory John Locke set forth in his essay. |
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| Human beings are born with a blank tablet and ideas are deprived from experience |
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| The Philosophes often delivered strong social and political criticism in the form of _________ so their plays and novels would be interesting, but would not be censored or banned. |
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| Explain at least two other ways the philosophes side-stepped the government and churches to convey this new way of thinking to others. |
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| The use of pen names and salons |
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| "The powers of government should be separated into... branches, to prevent any one group or individual from gaining too much power." |
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| Charles-Louis, Baron de Montesquieu |
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| "I may not agree with what you say, but I would go to my death defending your right to say it." |
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| People are basically good ("noble savage") but become corrupted by society. |
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| "Men being by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political power of another without his consent." |
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| Humanity's best hope is open-minded toleration. |
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| All people have a right to understand highly complicated scientific findings. |
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| Voltaire was known to be the most famous and in many ways, the most representative, philosophe during the Enlightenment. He was labeled as a _______________ and not a _____________. |
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| Explain the difference between a reformer and a revolutionary. |
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Letters written by Montesquieu.
"Letters" created by Persian disowning ever aspect of the Catholic faith. |
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| The belief that God is a "clockmaker". God created the Earth, but then stepped away to let it run. |
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| Doubt or unbelief with regard to a religion, especially christianity. |
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Elegant drawing room
There, people would exchange witty, uncensored observations on literature, science, and philosophy with great aristocrats, wealthy middle-class financiers, high-ranking officials and noteworthy foreigners. These intellectual salons practiced the equality the philosophes preached. |
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| In the rich diversity of the Enlightenment, three central concepts stood out. Discuss the three concepts in depth by using specific and relevant vocabulary. Be sure to incorporate the term social science into your answer. |
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| The three central concepts of the Enlightenment were progress (of education), reason (the methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life), scientific method (capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature). Social sciences (a rational, critical, scientific way of thinking) came from the invention of these three things. |
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| A very real crisis in European thought was evident at the end of the 17th century. Discuss at least three of the four uncertainties or dissatisfactions during this time in depth by using specific support and relevant vocabulary. Be sure to explain absolute vs. relative truth. |
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•Absoulte- truth that cannot be changed; fixed permanently
•Relative- truth that has no validity; cannot be proven
Travel literature, skepticism about absolute truth, and religious truth. |
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