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| What is the endocrine system important in regulating? |
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Definition
Mood
Growth & Development
Tissue function
Metabolism
Sexual function
Reproductive processes |
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Term
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Definition
Release the secretion on to the surface of something
Don’t secrete hormones
Never secrete into the blood stream
Not a system
Endocrine glands are the complete opposite |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic substance “chemical message” secreted by a cell (gland) that has an effect on the metabolic activity of another cell or tissue |
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Definition
| cells that are affected by the hormone |
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Term
| Hormone levels influenced by: |
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Definition
Stress
Infection
Changes in balance of fluid and minerals in blood |
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Term
| Structure of hormones(3 groups) |
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Definition
Amino acid derivatives: small look like amino acids (epinepherine, thyroid hormones, melatonin)
Peptide hormones: chains of amino acids (largest class) All hormones secreted by hypothalmus, pituitary gland, thymus, pancreas
Lipid derivatives
steroid hormones from cholesterol (reproductive organs and adrenal glands)
fatty acid based compounds |
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Term
| Basic action of a hormone |
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Definition
| The hormone combines with a receptor, the new molecular structure causes cellular changes |
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Term
| Hormones work in one of two ways: |
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Definition
Activation of 2nd messengers – involves a cell membrane receptor (amino acid or peptide hormones)
Activation of genes – involves intracellular receptors (hormone receptor complex in cytoplasm) (lipid hormones) |
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Term
| Control of endocrine activity |
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Definition
Direct control: negative feedback mechanisms
a.) endocrine cells respond to change in fluid around cells by releasing hormone
b.) hormone stimulates target cell to restore homeostasis
Indirect control: Hypothalmus |
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Term
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Definition
Regulation of the endocrine system
Controls the adrenal medulla
Adrenalin
Releases hormones at posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Secretes substances that control the anterior pituitary gland
Releasing hormones
Inhibiting hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Connected to the hypothalamus
“Master gland” of the endocrine system
2 parts
Posterior pituitary
Nervous tissue
Axons carry the hormones to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Glandular tissue
Capillaries supply the anterior pituitary from the hypthalamus |
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Target – kidneys
Effect – reabsorption of water |
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Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Targets – reproductive organs
Effects – contractions of smooth muscles (labor contractions, milk ejection; ductus deferens, prostate gland – ejaculations) |
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
stimulates gametes (sex cells)
Targets – egg (females), testes (males)
Effects – egg development & estrogen secretion (females), sperm maturation (males) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Targets – egg (females), cells of testes (males)
Effects – ovulation, secretion of progesterone (females), testosterone secretion (males) |
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Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
Anterior Pitutary
Target – thyroid gland
Effect – triggers the release of thyroid hormones |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Target – adrenal cortex
Effect – cells that produce steroid hormones |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Target - breast
Effect - stimulates milk production |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Target – all cells
Effect - stimulates growth in general and the skeletal system in particular |
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Definition
secretes the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
control body metabolism
Regulation of metabolism is critical in controlling mood, weight and mental and physical energy levels.
inferior to the larynx |
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Term
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Definition
In thyroid structure
Target cells – most cells
Effect of thyroid hormones – increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, development
Thyroid hormone release is controlled by TSH from the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| cells that produce calcitonin (CT) |
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Definition
in thyroid structure
Targets – bone, kidneys
Effect of calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
Location – posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland
Target cells – bone, kidneys, intestines
Effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) – increases blood calcium levels |
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Definition
Location – posterior to the sternum
Produces hormones which enhance lymphocyte production
Development
Childhood – large
Puberty – largest
Adulthood – decreases in size |
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Definition
Location – on top of the kidney
Structure – outer cortex and inner medulla
Medulla
Secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine
Target – most cells |
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Definition
Adrenal Gland
causes increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, blood glucose; constricts blood vessels in skin, dilates blood vessels in skeletal & cardiac muscle |
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Definition
Adrenal Gland
increases cardiac activity, constricts most blood vessels |
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Definition
secreted by adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland
Target – kidneys
Effect – increases blood sodium levels, decreases blood potassium levels |
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Definition
steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands
Target – most cells
Effect – conserve blood glucose, anti-inflammatory effects |
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Definition
Location – below stomach
Its functions are both exocrine and endocrine
The endocrine cells are in the
“Islets of Langerhans”
Hormones: Glucagon and Insulin |
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Definition
Pancreas
Targets – liver, adipose tissues
Effect - increase blood sugar levels |
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Definition
Pancreas
Targets Most cells
Effect - decrease blood sugar level |
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Definition
| secrete androgens and testosterone |
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Definition
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Testes, most important hormone
Target – most cells
Effects – maturation of sperm; protein synthesis in skeletal muscle; male secondary sex characteristics & behaviors |
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Definition
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ovaries
Targets – most cells
Effects –maturation of follicle; female secondary sex characteristics and behaviors |
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Definition
ovaries
Targets – uterus, mammary glands
Effects – prepare uterus for implantation and mammary glands for secretion |
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Definition
Ovaries
Targets – pubic symphysis, uterus, mammary glands
Effects – loosens pubic symphysis, relaxes cervical muscles |
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Definition
in epithalamus
cells secrete melatonin |
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Definition
Pineal Gland
Derived from the neurotransmitter seratonin
Light inhibits production
Regulates circadian rhythms ("about a day”)
Target – hypothalamus |
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Definition
"extreme, large"
When the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormones.
Acromegaly affects mostly middle-aged adults. Untreated, the disease can lead to severe illness and death.
Treatable, hard to identify early |
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Term
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Definition
Excess growth hormone before puberty produces excessively tall stature.
Excess growth hormone after puberty produces acromegaly.
The typical acromegalic has a huge jaw ("prognathism"), huge brows, huge tongue, and huge hands |
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Term
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Definition
a condition that results from insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the hypothalamus, the portion of the brain that stimulates the pituitary gland.
causes excessive thirst and excessive production of very diluted urine. |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose does not enter cells and the blood becomes hyperglycemic
type I (insulin-dependent) = deficient secretion of insulin by pancreatic islets
type II (noninsulin-dependent) = decreased sensitivity of target cells to insulin (insulin resistance)
Gestational Diabetes
Do to the condition your cells may be starved for energy.
Over time, high blood glucose levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves or heart. |
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Definition
an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks certain tissues -- that causes overactivity of the thyroid gland ( hyperthyroidism ).
protruding eyes, gotier |
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Term
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Definition
condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism)
condition produced in infants and children due to lack of thyroid hormone
It usually results from a congenital defect (e.g., absence of the thyroid, presence of only a rudimentary gland, inability of the gland to produce thyroxine).
can develop later if there is a lack of iodine in the diet, or if the thyroid is diseased or surgically removed. |
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Term
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Definition
the result of an underactive adrenal gland. An underactive adrenal gland produces insufficient amounts of corticosteroid hormones.
Lack of corticosteroids can
lead to the inability to produce concentrated urine by the kidneys, which in turn can lead to excessive urination. Ultimately, a patient becomes dehydrated.
lead to extreme sensitivity to the hormone insulin, this sensitivity may lead to low blood sugar levels.
increased risk during stressful periods, such as surgery, infection, or injury. |
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Term
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Definition
also known as hypercortisolism,
occurs when a person's tissues are exposed to an excess of the hormone cortisol.
When the appropriate amount of cortisol is released it helps regulate blood pressure, energy production, the ability to fight disease, and how the body maintains itself and responds to stress. But too much cortisol can alter the normal function of these processes
round or moon shaped face
high blood sugar
very late or very early puberty |
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