Term
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Definition
Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848
Diverse motives among different social groups; Mainly used to promote further change or recover older values
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Term
Theme 1 - Interaction between Humans and the Environment
p. 528
population revolution |
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Definition
Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent.
Resulted from better border policing by the nation-state governments, reduced movement of disease-bearing animal, and growing use of potato
Reduced death rate, particularly for children. More surviving children means more people to have children, so increased birth rate |
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Term
Theme 4 - Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
P. 529
proto-industrialization |
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Definition
Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution
Ultimately encouraged new technologies to expand production further because of the importance of new market relationships and manufacturing volume
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Term
Theme 3 - State-building, Expansion, and Conflict
P. 529
American Revolution
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Definition
Rebellion of English American Colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America
After US won its freedom, set up a new constitutional structure based on Enlightenment principles, with checks and balances between the legislature and executive branches of government, and formal gurantees of individual liberties; Voting rights spread, but slavery untouched
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Term
Theme 3 - State-building, Expansion, and Conflict
P. 529
French Revolution |
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Definition
Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte;
Source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Western Europe
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Term
Theme 3 - State-building, Expansion, and Conflict
P. 530
Louis XVI |
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Definition
(1754 - 1793) Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution
Meeting of the traditional parliament to consider tax reform for his financially pinched regime turned into modern parliament with voting by head and with majority representation for nonnoble property owners. |
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Term
Theme 5 - Development and Transformation of Social Structures
P. 530
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen |
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Definition
Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamanetal equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements
Like American Declaration of Independence, this law enacted natural rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" and specifically guranteed free expression of ideas
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Term
Theme 3 - State-building, Expansion, and Conflict
P. 530
Guillotine |
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Definition
Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute several thousand opponents during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror
Decapitated the king; symbolized revolutionary bloodthirst
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