Term
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Definition
1. Mucosa (in contact with food)
2. Sub-mucosa (blood supply and nerves)
3. Muscularis(circular and longitudinal-apart from in the stomach, where the muscle is also of the oblique |
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Term
| Processes of the Alimentary system |
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Definition
| Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingestion, mechanical digestion, starch break down, saliva (mucous, serous fluid, & salivary amylase). Food Bolus made, and taste buds able to function with saliva. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Runs through the diaphragm. Same 4 walls as the rest of the alimentary canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage, breakdown, gastric juice secretion, chemical break down of PROTEIN begins, makes chyme, release intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B12. Absorption does not occur in the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardioesophageal sphincter between esophagus and stomach. Pyloric sphincter opens onto the small intestine. Has oblique muscle in addition to circular and longitudinal. There are a rugae in the mucosa of the stomach (to allow it to hold food and then shrink back down). Churning happens at the top, peristalsis occurs at the small intestine end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Goblet cells (alkaline mucus to protect the stomach from digesting itself), Gastric pits-mucous cells (produce mucus), parietal cells (produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which enables our bodies to absorb vitamin B12), and Chief cells (which secrete pepsinogen) |
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Term
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Definition
| HCL (Parietal cells in gastric pits) + pepsinogen (Chief cells in gastric pits)= pepsin (which, breaks down protein) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Empties into the duodenum, through the pancreatic duct. Expels pancreatic juices and an alkaline fluid, which helps to neutralize the contents of the stomach (which, is important for food breakdown). |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest gland in the body. The liver makes bile that is then stored in the gall bladder and concentrated (and squirted into the duodenum). The liver is also responsible for storing fatty acids, glycogen, and amino acids)-protein and glycogen get to the liver via the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN. |
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Term
| Processes of the small intesine |
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Definition
| Propulsion (through peristalsis and segmentation) & chemical digestion |
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Term
| Carbohydrate are broken down into and where do they come from? |
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Definition
| Monosaccharides-or simple sugars(e.g. glucose) e.g. Carbohydrates generally come from plants but can also come from meat (meat glycogen) and milk (lactose) |
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Term
| Proteins are broken down into and where do they come from? |
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Definition
| Amino acids. They come from coconut and meat. Complete proteins contain all amino acids. Incomplete (e.g. legumes). |
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Term
| Fats are broken down into and where do they come from? |
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Definition
| fatty acids and glycerol. Fats come from nuts and vegetable oil (unsaturated) and animal products. Cholesterol comes from eggs. |
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Term
| How are carbohydrates broken down, and where? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates are broken down into starch (or can be) at the mouth. Pancreatic amylase in the duodenum and brush border enzymes then continue their break down into glucose. |
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Term
| How is glucose transported and where is it stored? |
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Definition
| enter the blood via micro villi and then transported to the liver, through the Hepatic Portal Vein to the liver(control centre). It is then stored as either glycogen within skeleta l muscles or the liver itself. |
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Term
| How is protein broken down and where? |
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Definition
| Protein break down begins in the stomach with the aid of pepsin. Pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes in the duodenum complete break down. |
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Term
| How are amino acids transported and where are they stored? |
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Definition
| Amino acids enter the blood via micro villi, then through capillaries. They, like glucose, also enter the liver via the Hepatic Portal Vein. Amino acids are not stored as energy but are used to rebuild the body and are only used as energy during starvation. |
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Term
| How are fats broken down and where? |
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Definition
| Fats are broken down in the duodenum with the aid of pancreatic lipase and bile (which, emulsifies fat-breaks it into smaller pieces). |
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Term
| How are fats transported and stored in the body? |
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Definition
| fatty acids and glycerol enter lacteal of villi and are transported through the lymphatic system until they enter the blood system via the thoracic duct. Fatty acids are then stored in the liver. |
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Term
| How does the body use protein? |
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Definition
| Rebuilding (e.g. in DNA) and as a potential energy source |
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Term
| How does the body use carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Energy, cell membranes, nuclei acids |
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Term
| How does the body use fat? |
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Definition
| Hormones, myelin sheath, adipose tissue, cell membranes, energy (which, produces ketones=toxic)-to be broken down into ATP fat must be converted to acetic acid and then go through the Krebs cycle. Fat cells keep on filling. |
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Term
| Parts of the large intestine: |
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Definition
Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal
Also: ascending, transverse,
descending, sigmoid
Contains: goblet cells (alkaline mucus), and Haustra (made from teniae coli), and bacteria that produce gas and vitamins B and K. |
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Term
| Processes of the large intestine? |
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Definition
| Propulsion (12-24 hours & mass movements 3-4 times a day), Haustral contractions, defecation reflex (internal and external rectum sphincters-one under voluntary control...diarrhea overrides this reflex, powered by stretch receptors |
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Term
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Definition
The sum of all the chemical reactions required to maintain life, to produce ATP.
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water+ ATP |
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Term
| What is the process of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis-glucose is split into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of a cell
2. Kreb's cycle-glucose is split to release carbon dioxide in the mitochondria
3. Electron Transport Chain-H is added to the chain and ATP is produced in the mitochondria |
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