Term
| Where is the heart located? |
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Definition
| In the region of the thoracic cavity called the mediastinum. |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost layer of the heart wall providing a smooth surface to reduce friction between blood and the wall of the heart. |
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Term
| What type of epithelium does the endocardium consist of? |
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Definition
| a layer of simple squamous also called the endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle layer of the heart wall can consists of cardiac muscle |
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Term
| What are the two motor units of the myocardium? |
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Definition
1) one forming the walls of the top two chambers of the heart
2) one forming the walls of the bottom two chambers of the heart |
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Term
| Which side of the myocardium is the thickest? Why? |
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Definition
| the left side is the thickest to provide the pwer needed to drive blood through the aorta and through the body |
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Term
| Where does the right ventricle pump blood to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer of the heart |
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Term
| This internal structure separates the 2 top & 2 bottom chambers and provides support for the heart valves. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a triple layed bag that protects and anchors the heart |
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Term
| Which pericardium makes up the outer connective tissue layer that anchors the heart to the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two layers of the serous pericardium and their functions? |
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Definition
parietal portion adheres to the fibrous pericardium
visceral portion is the epicardium |
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Term
| What are the two top champbers of the heart called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates the two top chambers and prevents blood from flowing from one atrium to the other? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two bottom chambers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What seperates the two bottom chambers that prevents blood from entering from one ventricle to another |
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Definition
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Term
| What seperates the atria from the ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
| This valve consists of three thin flaps of tissue that create a one-way passage between the right atri and the right ventricle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the cardiac muscle that the edges of the tricuspid flaps are attatched to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happen each time the myocardium of the ventricles contracts? |
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Definition
| the chordae keep the valve from opening into the right atrium |
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Term
| What are the cords of collagenous fiberts that attach the papillary muscles to the edges of the tricuspid valve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which valve seperates the chambers on the left side of the heart and only has two flaps? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the valves that consist of three adjacent cups and prevent blood from flowing back into the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| This valve is found in the opening of the aorta and prevent blood from flowing from aorta back into the left ventricle. |
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Definition
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Term
| This valve is found in the opening of the pulmonary trunk and prevents blood from reentering the right ventricle. |
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Definition
| pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Term
| What is the surface depression called taht delineates the boarder between the left atrium and the left ventricle? |
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Definition
| left atrioventricular sulcus |
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Term
| Where is the great cardiac vein and circumflex artery found? |
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Definition
| In the left atrioventricular sulcus |
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Term
| What is the surface depression that delineates the right atria from the right ventricle and contain the right coronary artery? |
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Definition
| right atrioventricular sulcus |
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Term
| A surgeon is looking for the great cardiac vein and the anteriour interventriuclar artery located over the interventriular septum, between the left and right ventricles. What would this space be called? |
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Definition
| The anterior interventriuclar sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Arteries flow _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the posterior interventricular sulcus located? What is also located here? |
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Definition
| it is located over the interventriular septum on the back of the heart which contains the middle vein and posterior interventricular artery. |
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Term
| What are the veins that deliver blood to the right atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| which vena cava delivers blood, low in oxygen from the upper body? |
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Definition
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Term
| which vena cava delivers blood from the lower body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the stucture that carries blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| This structure splits in right & left directions and delivers blood to the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| These veins deliver blood to the left atrium |
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Definition
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Term
| What carries the blood from the left ventricle through the thoracic and abdominal cavities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term used to describe the circulation of blood through the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavas as well as from the _______ _______ and several small veins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which veins deliver blood to the left atrium and how many are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What opens the cuspid valves as blood enters the atria? |
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Definition
| blood flowing from high pressure to low pressure |
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Term
| What makes blood pressure increase in the ventricle? |
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Definition
| when the ventricle wall begins to contract in causes the blood pressure to increase (systole) |
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Term
| The cuspid valves close when blood pressure in the ventricles is ______ than in the atria. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ ________ open and blood leaves the ventricles when blood pressure in ventricles is higher than in the pulmonary trunk or aorta. |
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Definition
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Term
| When blood pressure in the pulmonary trunk is _____ than in the ventricles, the semilunar valves close. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the end of ventriclar contraction the myocardium ______ and blood pressure falls in the expanded, somewhat empty ventricles allowing the cuspid valves to reopen and the cycle to begin again. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first sound that represents the cuspid valves closing at the beginning of the ventricular contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second sound representing the closing of the semilunar valves? |
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Definition
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Term
| The flow of blood through the coronary vessels is the result of the interaction between ________ and _________. |
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Definition
| aortic blood prssure and intramural pressure |
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Term
| What is the driving force for the flow of blood through the coronary vessels? inhibitory force? |
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Definition
driving force is aortic blood pressure
inhibitory is intramural pressure |
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Term
| What determines the force by which blood enters the coronary blood vessels and travels to the mycardium? |
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Definition
driving force is aortic blood pressure
i |
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Term
| A compression of the coronary vessels by contraction of the myocardium can close the coronary vessels and stop the flow of blood can be caused by? |
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Definition
| Intramural pressure the inhibitory force |
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Term
When aortic blood pressure is greater than aortic blood pressure, blood _______
ABP>IP |
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Definition
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Term
When intramural pressure is greater than aortic blood pressure, the blood _______
IP>ABP |
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Definition
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Term
| Coronary vessels dilate in response to high levels of ________, increaseing blood flow to the myocardium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do cardiac impulses originate? |
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Definition
| in the SA node, located at the point where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium |
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Term
| What is the SA node composed of? |
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Definition
| it is composed of autorhythmic cells that continuosuly depolarize |
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Term
| The resting membrane potential is unstable due to a reduced outflow of ___________ relative to the __________ entering the cells through passive channels. |
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Definition
| potassium ions; sodium ions |
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Term
| The interior of the cell becomes more positive until threshold of _____ is reached. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens at -40mV threshold? |
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Definition
| voltage gated fast calcium ion channels open, calcium rushes into the cells and an action potential is generated. |
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Term
| Why is the SA node concidered the pacemaker for the heart? |
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Definition
| because it depolarizes more frequently than any other heart region @ 100 times/minute |
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Term
| Where is the AV node located? |
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Definition
| immediately above the tricuspid valve in the interatrial septum |
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Term
| How are the cells of the AV node activated? |
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Definition
| by implulses spreading from the SA node via the intercalatated disks (gap junctions) of atrial cardiac muscle cells |
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Term
| While the AV node actas as a gatekeeper, how many impulses are let through at a time? |
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Definition
| one in a fraction of a second |
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Term
| Where does the AV node send impulses to? |
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Definition
| to the ventricles via the bundle of His |
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Term
| What is the bundle of His? |
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Definition
| a specialized strand of cardiac muscle that is continuous with the AV node and enters the upper end of the interventriuclar septum |
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Term
| Can the AV node act as a pacemaker if the SA node is destroyed? |
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Definition
| yes, but at a much slower pace |
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Term
| After the bundle of His splits and gives rise to conduction bundles where does it travel? |
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Definition
| they travel down to the interventricular septum and stimulate cells of the septum |
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Term
| What system is the bundle of His apart of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the left and right branches supply impulses too? |
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Definition
| first to the papillary muscles and then to the myocardium of each ventricle |
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Term
| Where are pukinje fibers found and what are they responsible for? |
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Definition
| on the inner surface of the heart beneath the endocardium and are responsible for the nearly simultaneous contraction of the two ventricles |
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Term
Note* the spread of impulses through the myocardium of either ventricle is from contractile cell to contractile cell
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Definition
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Term
Na+ and CA++ diffuse through the ____________ and inititiate depolarization
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Definition
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Term
| At at threshold of about _____mV, voltage gated NA+ channels open |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens after voltage gated NA + channels open |
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Definition
| Na+ enters the cell, completeing depolarization at +25 |
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Term
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Definition
| voltage gated Ca++ channels open, providing the calcium that will bind with troponin and initiate contraction and voltage gated K+channels open for repolarization |
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Term
| Where is the cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory reflex centers found? |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ nerve slows the heartbeat rate via the release of acetylcholine |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors? |
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Definition
| causes potassium ion channels to open |
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Term
| An outflow of potassium _________ the heart cellls and _______ the heart. |
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Definition
| hyperpolarizes ; inhibits |
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Term
| Which nerve increases the heartbeat via the release of norepinephrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the norepinephrine bind to, causing the Ca++ ion channels to open? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inflow of Ca++ ________ the cell and ultimately ________ contraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called wen both teh sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, send impulses but the parasympathetic dominates? |
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Definition
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Term
| The division of the circulatory system where osmotic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the endothelial tunica of a blood vessel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pattern of ciculation that includes the ductus arteriosus? |
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Definition
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Term
| This is a change in an artery that occurs when the aortic or carotic sinus is stimulated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the muscular, elastic vessel that elps move and distribute blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tunica of a blood vessel wall that controls vasodilation and vasocontriction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the resistance to blood flow, determined by the degree of vasodilation or constriction called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pressure that results in filtration at the arterial end of a capillary? |
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Definition
| Blood hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| What is the vessel that carries blood toward the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the vein in a fetus that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the baby? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the potential pressure of blood that dominates at the venous end of a capillary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the strucures found in veins that keep blood from flowing backward? |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillaries that have pores in their walls are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The vessel where nutrients and wastes are exchanged with the tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical that is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pattern of circulation supplied by the first branch off the aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
| Autoregulatory stimuli that enhance blood delivery to a local area.... |
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Definition
-reflect a given tissue's needs at the moment
-include chemicals that act as metabolic controls
-include falling O2 and rising CO2 levels in most tissues |
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