Term
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Definition
| The sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms |
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Term
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Definition
- composed only of carbon and hydrogen
- Not soluble in water
- Part of the endoplasmic reticulum, |
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Term
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Definition
| - normally contain carbon, hydrogen, and one or more atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| - common arrangements of atoms that confer specific chemical properties on a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
- electrons are not shared equally between two atoms
- Shared electrons stay closest to the nucleus with the highest electronegativity (affinity for electrons)
-high water solubility compared to C-C or C-H bonds, where electrons are shared equally |
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Term
Polar Molecules
Nonpolar Molecules |
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Definition
asymmetric distributions of electrical charge
molecules lack polarized bonds |
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Term
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Definition
- results when strongly electronegative nuclei capture electrons
- Have extra electrons
- Have lost electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| are unstable atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| - mirror-image forms of the same compound (same structural formula) |
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Term
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Definition
- 4 different substituents
- 2 stereoisomers are possibly
- A compound with n asymmetric carbons has 2^n possible stereoisomers. |
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Term
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Definition
- Universal solvent
- Single most abundant component of cells and organisms
- 75-85% of a cell by weight is water |
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Term
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Definition
- Polar (uneven distribution of charge)
- Bent rather than linear (Oxygen highly electronegative, pulling electrons towards it, this results in a partial negative charge and a partial positive charge around the hydrogen atoms). |
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Term
| Water molecules are cohesive |
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Definition
- polarity results in attraction to other water molecules
- Not as strong as covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
- many hydrogen's combined together result in these characteristics:
- High surface tension
- High boiling point
- High specific heat
- High heat of vaporization |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows water to move up through plants |
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Term
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Definition
-gives water temperature stabilizing capacity
- amount of heat need to raise water by 1 C
- 1.0 calorie per gram |
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Term
| Temperature-stabilizing Capacity |
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Definition
- In order to heat water, the hydrogen bonds first need to be broken.
- Results in a low temperature change protecting living systems from extreme temperature changes.
- Cell could overheat and die |
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Term
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Definition
- amount of energy needed to convert one gram of liquid into vapor
- high due to the hydrogen bonds
- makes it an excellent coolant because the heat needed to evaporate water is taken from the organism |
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Term
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Definition
- fluid that another substance (solute) can dissolve in
- Because water is polar it can dissolve large substances |
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Term
| Solutes (Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic) |
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Definition
Hydrophilic: have an affinity for water and dissolve easily in it (ie: sugars, organic acids, some amino acids)
Hydrophobic: Not easily soluble in water (general nonpolar molecules, including lipids and proteins in membranes) |
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