_____ with carbohydrates attached to their extracellular parts
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nare the proteins covalently attached to carbohydrates (ex. glucose, galactose, lactose |
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nare carbohydrate-attached lipids. Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition. |
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| The _________ undergirds the cell membrane and provides anchoring points for integral membrane proteins |
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| where is plasmodesmata located |
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| channels between adjacent plant cells that form a circulatory and communication system |
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| what are tight junctions? |
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| bind cells forming a leakproof sheet. |
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| what are anchoring junctions? |
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nattach adjacent cells with cytoskeletal fibers but still allow materials to pass along the spaces between cells |
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| what are communicating junctions? |
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nallow water and small molecules to flow between cells |
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| what are the types of junctions? |
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| tight, anchoring, and communication |
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| how do you increase the suface area of a cell without changing the volume? |
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| create microvilli or ridges |
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| what are the types of energy? |
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| chemical, thermal, mechanical and electrical |
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| all ______ reactions involve Energy |
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| what is another name for the first law of thermodynamics? |
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| law of conservation of energy |
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| what does the first law of thermodynamics state? |
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nEnergy is neither created nor destroyed, energy can be transformed. |
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| what is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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| E conversions reduce the order of the universe (increasing entropy) |
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| the amount of disorder in a system |
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| what is the third law of thermodynamics |
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nif all the kinetic E could be removed, a state called absolute zero would occur. Absolute zero results in a temperature of 0 Kelvins or -273.15° Celsius. |
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| how does einstein describe the relationship between energy and matter? |
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| einstein suggested that____ and ______ are interchangeable |
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| what is the difference between the cycle of nutrients and energy? |
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| energy cannot be recycled while nutrients can |
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| lots of disorder= _______ entropy |
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| what is the study of thermodynamics? |
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| inter-relation between heat, work and internal energy of a system |
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| all reactions require this type of energy... |
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| what is an example of an exergonic reaction |
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| what is an example of an endergonic reaction? |
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nThe sum total of all the endergonic and exergonic reactions that take place in a working cell and organism.
n |
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| ___ powers nearly all forms of cellular work |
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| what are the 2 parts of metabolism? |
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nPhosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein molecule or a small molecule.
n |
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| ________ does not require the cell to use energy |
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nThis difference in the concentration of molecules across a space is called a |
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| what is diffusion driven by? |
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| the kinetic energy the molecule possesses |
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| what does the rate of diffusion depend on? |
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ntemperature, size, and the type of molecules that are diffusing. |
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| Molecules diffuse faster at _____temperatures |
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nDiffusion always occurs down a concentration gradient (___ to ___). |
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When the concentration of the molecules of a substance is the same throughout a space, a state of what exists
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| The diffusion of WATER across a semipermeable membrane |
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| is energy used during osmosis? |
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| how does water travel through the phospholipid bilayer? |
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| what is a hypertonic solution? |
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nthe concentration of the solute molecules outside the cell is high than the concentration of solutes inside the cell. |
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| what is a hypotonic solution |
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nthe concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentraion of solutes inside the cell. |
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| what is an isotonic solution? |
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nthe concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal. |
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| what is it called when a cell shrivels up in a hypertonic solution? |
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| In a hypertonic environment, the cells shrink away from the cell wall, and turgor pressure is lost. |
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what is facilitated diffusion?
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| Molecules move across a membrane with the help of transport proteins in the membrane |
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| where does facilitated diffusion take place and does it require energy? |
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nThis takes place down the concentration gradient so it does not require energy. |
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| ________ proteins are embedded in the cell membrane |
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nCarrier proteins do what when molecules attach to them. |
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| what is another name for a protein that changes shape? |
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| what are channel proteins? |
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nform an aqueous pore in the membrane to allow solutes to move across the membrane without coming into contact with the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer. |
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nSolutes or fluids outside the cell membrane can be brought into the cytoplasm. |
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| solutes brought into the cytoplasm |
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| the process by which waste and cell products leave the cell |
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