Term
Describe the Cell Cycle
1. G1
2. S
3. G2
4. Mitosis |
|
Definition
1. growth and metabolism
2. DNA synthesis
3. preparation for mitosis
4. clonal division |
|
|
Term
Describe the following stages of Mitosis
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase |
|
Definition
1. DNA is duplicated, chromosomes not visible
2. Centrosome duplicates and moves to end of cell
-chromosomes are visible
-nucleus breaks down
3. chromosomes move to metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
Describe the following stages of Mitosis
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokinesis |
|
Definition
4. chromatid disjunction and they move to the ends of the cell
-kinetochores shorten and polar microtubules lengthen
5. nuclear envelope reforms
-kinetochores no longer attached but polar are
6. cell pinches together to form daughter cells |
|
|
Term
Describe the following:
1. Kinetochores
2. Polar Microtubules |
|
Definition
1. pull chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
2. come from centrosomes are push the chromatids apart
-do not directly attach |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between Anaphase I and II |
|
Definition
I: chromosome disjunction
II: sister chromatid disjunction |
|
|
Term
Describe the benefits of the following model systems:
1. E. coli
2. S. cerevisiae
3. Drosophila
4. C. elegans |
|
Definition
1. reproduce quickly and large populations
2. simplest eukaryote
3. short life cycle and reproduce quickly
-life stages
4. transparent so we can see cells dividing
-tracing development |
|
|
Term
| Describe Gregor's three principles |
|
Definition
1. Principle of Dominance: in a hetero, one allele may conceal the presence of another
2. Principle of Segregation: in a hetero, two alleles segregate from each other during formation of gametes
3. Principle of Independent Assortment: alleles of different genes separate independently of one another
*each gene segregates its alleles
*these segregations aren't linked |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways of predicting the outcome of a cross? |
|
Definition
1. Punnett squares
2. Forked Line
3. Probability |
|
|
Term
Describe the following:
1. Incomplete Dominance
2. Codominance |
|
Definition
1. heterozygotes have a different pheno than parents
-semi is when its a complete mix
2. heteros contribute independently to pheno
-neither is dominant
-superscript |
|
|
Term
| How do we determine is there are multiple alleles? |
|
Definition
Test for allelism
-new mutant must be recessive?? |
|
|
Term
Describe the following:
1. Incomplete Penetrance
2. Expressivity |
|
Definition
1. trait doesn't always show up in an individual with the appropriate genotype
ex. Polydactyly
2. trait is not manifested to the same extent in separate individuals
ex. Lobe eye |
|
|
Term
| Explain gene interaction and epistasis |
|
Definition
some traits can be influenced by more than one gene
-chicken combs
Epistasis: when two or more genes affect a trait, and one gene has an overriding effect |
|
|
Term
What determines sex in these following organisms?
1. Humans
2. Fruit Flies
3. Birds, Butterflies
4. Bees |
|
Definition
1. presence of Y (specifically TDF)
2. ratio of X to autosomes (male=.5 and female=1)
3. opposite of humans (both X=male)
4. haploid vs diploid (haploid=males) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Chromosome Theory of Heredity |
|
Definition
-all genese are located on chromosomes
-Mendel's priniciples can be explained by transitional properties of chromosomes during reproduction
Key: mutant allele on a chromosome
Thomas Morgan: eye color inherited on X chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Describe the importance of Morgan's and Bridge's experiments with flies |
|
Definition
Morgan: found eye color and other traits linked to X chromosome
Bridges: saw red eyed males and white eyed females
-concluded it was from X chromosome nondisjunction
-also that Y is not necessary for gender |
|
|
Term
| What are some sex linked traits in humans? |
|
Definition
1. Color blindness (can be autosomal)
2. Hemophilia |
|
|
Term
| Describe how sex is determined in humans |
|
Definition
Presence of SRY (Testes Determining Factor) on Y
-can be two Xs with TDF
-XY without TDF=female
TFM- testosterone receptor (testicular feminization)
-located on X
-with mutation (tfm) individuals are female because the testosterone signal can not be received
-sterile females |
|
|
Term
Describe gene dosage for the X chromosome
1. Flies
2. Humans |
|
Definition
1. males hyperactivate the X
2. one of the Xs is inactivated in females
-inactivation is random (female mosaic)
-extra X forms Barr Body |
|
|
Term
Describe the following terms related to chromosome size, shape, and position
1. P
2. Q
3. Submetacentric
4. acrocentric
5. telocentric |
|
Definition
1. short arm (petite)
2. long arm
3. just a little off center
4. farther off center
5. all the way at the end |
|
|
Term
Describe the following terms regarding chromosome number:
1. Euploid
2. Polyploid
3. Allopolyploids
4. Autopolyploids |
|
Definition
1. complete set of genome
2. having multiple sets of genome; more than two
-rare in animals (sterile) and common in plants
3. adds chromosomes from another species so chromosomes don't line up together and can separate easily
4. adds chromosomes from mitosis without cytokinesis, which is called endomitosis |
|
|
Term
Describe the following terms regarding chromosome number:
1. Aneuploidy
2. Hypoploid
3. Hyperploid
4. Possible Trisomies |
|
Definition
1. numerical change in PART of the genome
-applies to single chromosomes and their arms
2. underrepresented
3. overrepresented
4. 13, 18, 21, sex |
|
|
Term
Describe the following Aneuploidy syndromes
1. Klinefelter
2. Triplo-X |
|
Definition
1. Klinefelther (XXY or XXXY)
-caused by nondisjunction in mom or dad
-Male that is usually sterile and displays female characteristics
-contain a Barr body
2. Triplo-X (XXX)
-female with limited fertility
-two bar bodies normally form into one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turner (X)
-sterile female
-Xi is not completely inactivated
-some transcriptions occur and give proper phenotype
Mosaic: monosomy occurs in cleavage division following fertilization |
|
|
Term
Describe the following Chromosomal rearrangements
1. Inversions
a. Pericentric b. Paracentric |
|
Definition
1. portion of chromosome is flipped around
-only a problem if the break is in a gene
-forms loops when pairing up
a. include centromere b. exclude centromere |
|
|
Term
Describe the following Chromosomal rearrangements
2. Translocations |
|
Definition
2. genes moved to a different chromosome
-DNA exchanged between non homologous chromosomes
-pair up in a cross like patter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-some genes are linked which goes against independent assortment
-linked genes can be separated by crossing over
cytologically- chiasmata
genetically- recombination
*if linked chi squared will fail |
|
|
Term
| Describe how numbers of crossover describe distance |
|
Definition
-genes that are close together will rarely separate
-distance is average of crossovers between two genes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the rate of recombination |
|
Definition
recombinant/total
*lower rate means closer together
*measured in Morgans |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
1. 3 point cross
2. Interference |
|
Definition
1. recombination mapping
a. determine order (double crossovers less frequent)
b. calculate distance
2. obs/expected= coefficient of coincidence
1-c = interference |
|
|
