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| A member of the domain Eukarya; an organism cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles, and an extensive cytoskeleton. May be unicellular or multicellular. |
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Stabilizing structure, which provides rigidity and flexibility; made-up of protein fibers; they are dynamic; enables a cell to change shape quickly
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| A member of the domain Bacteria or Archaea; a unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and containing relatively few organelles or cytoskeletal components |
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| The fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
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| (1) The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. (2) in eukaryotic cells, the large organelle containing the chromosomes and surrounded by a double membrane. (3) A discrete clump of neutron cell bodies in the brain, usually sharing a distinct function. |
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| Gene-carrying structure of a single long molecule of DNA and associated proteins. Most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells contain multiple noncircular (linear) chromosomes located in the nucleus |
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| A small, usually circular, supercoiled DNA molecule independent of the cell's main chromosome(s) in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes. |
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| A eukaryotic organelle that is bounded by a double membrane and is the site of aerobic respiration. |
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| A chlorophyll-containing organelle, bounded by a double membrane, in which photosynthesis occurs; found in plants and photosynthetic protists. Also the location of amino acid, fatty acid purine, and pyrimidine synthesis |
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| A system of organelles in eukaryotic cells that performs most protein and lipid syntesis. Includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. |
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| A network of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules found inside eukaryotic cells. |
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| A eukaryotic organelle, consisting of stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) that functions in processing and sorting proteins and lipids destined to be secreted or directed to other organelles |
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| A small organelle in an animal cell containing acids and enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions and can digest large molecules |
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| In eukaryotic cells, a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that are involved in cell shape, support, locomotion, and transport of materials within the cell. Prokaryotic cells have a similar but much less extensive network of fibers |
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| Any very large organic molecule, usually made up of smaller molecules proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides |
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| A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptide chains composed of 50 or more amino acids linked together. Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids and, in its native state, a characteristic three-dimensional shape |
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| A small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule |
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| Any long molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together. The main biological polymers are proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. |
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| A small organic molecule with a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH_2, a carboxyl group -COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a side group. Protein are polymers of 20 common amino acids. |
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| The covalent bond (C-N) formed by a condensation reaction between between two amino acids; links the residue in peptides and proteins |
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| A chain of 50 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
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| The sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein; also the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid |
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| In proteins, localized folding of a polypeptide chain into regular structures stabilized by hydrogen bonding between atoms of the backbone. In nucleic acids, elements of structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding and other interactions between complementary bases. |
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| The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein containing two or more polypeptide chains (subunits); determined by the number, relative position, and interactions of the subunits. |
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| A protein secondary structure in which the polypeptide backbone coils into a spirals shape stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms |
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| A protein secondary structure in which the polypeptide backbone coils into a spiral shape stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms. |
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| Not interacting readily with water. Hydrophobic compounds are typically nonpolar compounds that lack charged or electronegative atoms and often contain many C-C and C-H bonds. |
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| For a macromolecule, loss of its three-dimensional structure and biological activity due to breakage of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds, usually caused by treatment with excess heat or extreme pH conditions. |
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| A protein that facilitates the three-dimensional folding of newly synthesized proteins, usually by an ATP-dependent mechanism. |
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| A protein catalyst used by living organisms to speed up and control biological reactions. |
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| Referring to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to occur and for which the Gibbs free-energy change is 0 |
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| Referring to a chemical reaction that can occur spontaneously, releasing heat and/or increasing entropy, and for which the Gibbs free-energy change is 0 |
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| The amount of energy required to initiate a chemical; specially, the energy required to reach the transition state |
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| Any substance that increases the rate of a chemical of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. |
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| A small organic molecule that is a required cofactor for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Often donation or receives electrons or functional groups during the reaction. |
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| In ecological succession, the phenomenon in which early-arriving species make conditions less favorable for the establishment of certain later-arriving species. |
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| Inhibition of an enzyme's ability to catalyze a chemical reaction via a nonreactant molecule that competes with the substrate(s) for access to the active site. |
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| allosteric inhibitor (regulation) |
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| Regulation of a protein's function by binding of a regulatory molecule, usually to a specific site distinct from the active site, causing a change in the protein's shape. |
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| Any of a class of molecules that contain a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups, and several to many carbon-hydrogen bonds. |
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| A small carbohydrate, such as glucose, that has the molecular formula (CH2O)n, and cannot be hydrolyzed to form any smaller carbohydrates. Also called simple sugar |
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| A carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides (sugar residues) linked together. |
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| A linear or branched polymer consisting of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Carbohydrate polymers with relatively few residues often are called oligosaccharides. |
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| The covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between two sugar monomers; joins the residue of a polysaccharides. |
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| A mixture of two storage polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin, both formed from A-glucose monomers. Amylopectin is branched, and amylose is unbranced. The major form of stored carbohydrate in plants. |
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| Any enzyme that can break down starch by catalyzing hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between the glucose residue. |
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| A highly branched storage polysaccharide composed of A-glucose monomers joined by 1,4-and 1,6-glycosidic linkages. The major form of stored carbohydrate in animals. |
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| The most common form of photosynthesis in which atmospheric CO2 is used to from 3-phosphoglycerate, a three-carbon sugar |
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| A structural polysaccharide composed of N-acetylgolucosamine monomers joined end to end by B-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Found in cell walls of fungi and many algae, and in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans. |
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| Any organic substance that does not dissolve in water, but dissolves well in nonpolar organic solvents. Lipids include fats, oils, phospholipids, and waxes. |
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| A lipid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end. Used by many organisms to store chemical energy |
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| Referring to fats and fatty acids in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. Such fats have relatively high melting points. |
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| Referring to fats and fatty acids in which at least one carbon-carbon bond is a double bond. Double bonds produce kinks in the fatty acid chains and decreases the compound's melting point |
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| A lipid consisting of three fatty acid molecules joined by ester linkages to a glycerol molecule |
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| A class of lipid having a hydrophilic head (a phosphate group) and a hydrophobic tail (one or more fatty acids). Major components of the plasma membrane and organelle membranes. |
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| Containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements. |
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| A class of lipid with a characteristic four-ring structure |
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| The basic structure element of all cellular membranes consisting of a two-layer sheet of phospholipid molecules whose hydrophobic tails are oriented toward the inside and hydrophilic heads, toward the outside. |
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| Spontaneous movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration |
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| Difference across space (e.g. across a membrane) in the concentration of a dissolved substance. |
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| A difference in electric charge across a cell membrane; a form of potential energy. Also called membrane voltage. |
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| The combined effect of an ion's concentration gradient and electrical (charge) gradient across a membrane that affects the diffusion of ions across the membrane |
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| The tendency of a structure, such as a membrane, to allow a given substance to diffuse across it. |
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| The property of a membrane that allows some substances to diffuse across it much more readily than other substances |
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| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration) |
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| Comparative term designating a solution that has a greater solute concentration, and therefore a lower water concentration, than another solution. |
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| Comparative term designating a solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration than another solution |
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| integral membrane protein |
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| peripheral membrane protein |
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| membrane transport protein |
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| oxidation-reduction reaction (redox) |
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| The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, resulting from multiple interactions among the amino acid side chains and the peptide backbone |
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