Cell Fractionation: Cells are broken up via blender, then placed in a centrofuge in order to differentiate different organelles, compounds, etc. Because different materials have different densities, different things will become pellets at different rates. This has been important in order to determine the components and function of different cell bits. Scopes: LM - Light Microscope. Can be used on living organisms, but is the least precise. EM - Electron Microscope. Beam of electrons is launched at a cell or whatever, then gets reflected back and decoded into a picture. Cells must be dead in order to be coated in the heavy metals required to reflect the electrons back. SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope. Gives a 3-D image of the outside of cells. TEM - Transmission Electron Microscope. View of a cross section of the interior components of cells. STM - Scanning Tunneling Microscope. The finest view - can show individual atoms. Freeze Fracture: Freezes a cell, then breaks the ice to peel off layers of cell. Used to determine the structure of the Plasma Membrane. | 
