Term
Congregation of the Holy Office
(aka Roman Inquisition) |
|
Definition
| Established by the papcy to combat the heresy of the Protestant reformation. Used severe methods like torture and the admission of rumors as evidence. Also established censorship. |
|
|
Term
| Index of Prohibited Books |
|
Definition
| Roman Inquisition's list of unallowed books |
|
|
Term
Council of Trent
(1545-1547; 1551-1552; & 1562-1563) |
|
Definition
An assembly of church leaders that defined church doctrines and initiated a program to reform the church
(during the Counter-Reformation) |
|
|
Term
The Council of Trent
-on church doctrine- |
|
Definition
| Refused to compromise with Protestants, stuck to traditional Catholic teaching |
|
|
Term
Council of Trent
-reforms- |
|
Definition
Made churchpeople live in the city they serve (prohibiting absenteeism)
Prohibited sale of church offices
Prohibited sale of indulgences
Prohibited fees for sacraments
Required education of the clergy
Instructed the clergy to preach regularly in the vernacular |
|
|
Term
Ignatius Loyola
(1491-1556)
|
|
Definition
| Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
|
|
Term
| Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
|
Definition
Organized like an army (this is a metaphor, yo)
Dedicated themselves to combatting the spread of Protestantism
Really did help preserve the Catholic Faith--recovered it in Poland, Germany, and Netherlands; also ministed to English Catholics during the reign of Elizabeth I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central Italian order that had papal approval
Preached alongside the Jesuits
Believed in the original principles of poverty & piety set forth by Francis of Assissi |
|
|
Term
St. Philip Neri
(1515-1595) |
|
Definition
| Started the Oratorians, a religious order that emerged during the 16th century counter-reformation |
|
|
Term
The Theatines
(founded 1523) |
|
Definition
| Religious order that wanted to improve the level of education among clergy |
|
|
Term
Spain during the Reformation
what was up with them? |
|
Definition
| They remained strongly Catholic |
|
|
Term
King Philip II (Spain)
(r. 1556-1598) |
|
Definition
Strongly Catholic king, let crusades against Protestantism
Also ruled the Netherlands, Burgundy, the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The people of the Netherlands revolted against Catholic/Spanish King Philip's rule because of nationalism, religion, and money.
|
|
|
Term
| Results of the Dutch Revolt |
|
Definition
In 1579, Spanish rule was restored in the 10 southern provinces which had remained Catholic(now Belgium)
The seven northern Calvinist prvinces formed the Union of Utrecht and continued to fight, led by William of Orange, or William the Silent
Finally, in 1609, there was a 12-year truce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The seven northern, Calvinist Dutch provinces coming together agaisnt Spain |
|
|
Term
William of Orange
(William the Silent)
(1533-1584)
-during the Dutch Revolution- |
|
Definition
Led the Union of Utrecht against Spain
(also did other stuff, see the Struggle for Constitutional Government in England, p. 101-103) |
|
|
Term
The Spanish Armada
(1588) |
|
Definition
King Philip wanted to conquer England (then under Protestant Elizabeth I) and restore it to Roman Catholicism.
He launched the Spanish Armada (Spanish naval fleet) against them.
The English were aided by the "Protestant Wind" and won decisively. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
(August 24, 1572) |
|
Definition
| Catherine de Medici decided that the Huguenots must be exterminated. She ordered a massacre of them in Paris, killing several thousand Huguenots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Religious war in France between the Three Henrys:
Henry of Navarre, Huguenot leader
King Henry III, moderate Catholic leader
Henry, Duke of Guise, uncompromising Catholic leader
Henry III had Duke of Guise assassinated, Guise party had Henry III assassinated, so Henry Navarre won-- became King Henry IV |
|
|
Term
Henry of Navarre
(1553- 1610) |
|
Definition
| Huguenots' leader after the St. B's Day massacre |
|
|
Term
| Origins of the Thirty Years War |
|
Definition
| Peace of Augsburg only recognized Lutherans and Catholics--Calvinists wanted their religious freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scared by the election of Catholic Ferdinand II, Bohemian Calvinists threw 2 Catholic members of the royal council out a window |
|
|
Term
Bohemian Period
(1618-1625) |
|
Definition
Election of Ferdinand II (catholic)
Defenestration of Prague
Rebels take over Prague/elect Frederick V (calvinist)
Ferdinand vs. Frederick
King Maximillian, his general Baron Tilly support Ferdinand
They beat Frederick at White Mountain
FERDINAND WINS! Catholic-Hapsburg victory! |
|
|
Term
Danish Period
(1625-1629) |
|
Definition
King Christian IV helps out Lutherans in Bohemia
He is defeated by Albrecht von Wallenstein
Wallenstein's forces occupy Holstein
In 1629 Christian gets Holstein back, but he has to promise no more intervention
So, another Catholic-Hapsburg Victory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thirt Years' War--gave Holstein back to King Christian IV in exchange for him to stop intervening in the Thirty Years' War |
|
|
Term
Swedish Period
(1630-1635) |
|
Definition
Alarmed by Catholic victories, Protestant King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden moved his troops into Germany
Swedes signed an alliance with France, thus the French joined the Protestant cause
Swedes win the first few victories
Adolphus is killed in battle
In 1634, Ferdinand's army beats the Swedes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After Swedish Period of the 30 Years' War, strengthened Hapsburg and weakened Germen princes |
|
|
Term
French Period
(1635-1648) |
|
Definition
French entered directly into the war, destroying the Treaty of Prague
Cardinal Richilieu wanted to weaken the Hapsburgs
|
|
|
Term
Peace of Westphalia
(1648) |
|
Definition
Ended the Thirty Years' War
Sweden, Brandenburg, and France all gained territory
Dutch Republic & Switzerland became independent
German states could make treaties/alliances, weakening the Holy Roman Empire
Extended the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinists
Holy Roman Empire was fragmented
Did not end the war of France against Spain (see Treaty of Pyrenees)
|
|
|
Term
Treaty of Pyrenees
(1659) |
|
Definition
Ended Franco-Spanish conflict
France got part of the Spanish Netherlands & part of Northern Spain
With the Peace of Westphalia, established France as predominant European power |
|
|
