olfactory nerve

-responsible for olfaction (smell)

-only cranial nerve that directly connects with the cerebral cortex

optic nerve

-used in sight

-nerve fibers cross (right controls left, vice versa)

-carries info from retinas to optic chiasma

 occulomotor nerve

-controls 4/6 of eye muscles that move eyeball and upper lid

-2 branches: superior and inferior

trochlear nerve

-controls superior oblique muscle of eyeball

-turns eyeball downward and in

(crossing your eyes)

-easily damaged due to head trauma

trigeminal nerve

-main sensory nerve of the face

-responsible for info pertaining to touch, pain, temperature, and joint position

-has 3 main branches: apthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

abducens nerve

-controls lateral rectus muscles of eyes

-abducts eye (turns outward)

facial nerve

-controls muscles of facial expression

-many pass through parotid gland

-also receives info through external ear

vestibulocochlear nerve

-special sense of hearing

-balance from inner ear

-two nerves:

-vestibular (for equilibrium)

-cochlear (hearing)

gloosopharyngeal nerve

-sense of taste from back of tongue

-general sensory infor from back of tongue, soft palate, pharynx, tonsils, middle ear, etc.

-elevates pharyx when talking and swallowing

Vagus nerve

-largest and most complex

-goes from brainstem and through the body

-supplies a lot from pharynx to the splenic flexure of the large intestine

accessory nerve

-cranial and spinal roots

-joins vagus

- supplies the sternocleiodomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck

hypoglossal nerve

-internal muscles of tongue

cerebrum

-largest part of brain

-divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and the temporal

-responsible for thought, action, perception, imagination, judgment, and decision making

-critical in complex thought and learning

corpus callosum

-communicates between 2 hemispheres of brain

-located in longitudinal fissure of the brain

-tells each half of the brain what the other is doing

frontal lobe

-it's the lobe in the front

-forms anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere

-deals w/ higher intellectual processes

-"home to personality"

-left lobe deals with language and logic

-right= "artsy fartsy"

parietal lobe

-posterior to frontal lobe

-reception and evaluation of most sensory info: touch, taste, pressure, pain, and temperature

-deals with verbal expression of thoughts, feelings, and ideas

temporal lobe

-inferior to frontal and parietal lobes

-responsible for hearing

-receives and processes auditory and olfactory senses

-also memory abstract thought and judgment

occipital lobe

-responsible for interpreting visual information

-smallest lobe in back of skull

insula/insular cortex

-buried and insulated deep within brain

-may process sensory info we associate with emotions and interpret into actual emotions

-possibly involved in desire and addiction

cerebral cortex

-deals with attention, memory, language, and thought

-has motor areas and association areas

-covers brain

hemisphere dominance

basal nuclei

-synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine

-act as a series of four "circuits"

diencephalon

-thalamus + hypothalamus= diencephalon

-regulates visceral activities

thalamus

-the switching station for sensory input

-top of brainstem

-superior to hypothalamus

-involved in motor function and receives all sensory signals except for smell, which goes straight to the cerebal cortex

hypothalamus

How much cerebral spinal fluid do we have?

-only 140 mL in nervous system at any one time

-we secete 50 mL a day

dura mater

-the outermost covering of the brain

-made of connective tissue

-one of the meninges

meninges

-protective membranes surrounding the CNS

-3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

ventricles

-interconnected cavities in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

-continuous with the central canal in the spine

-filled with CSF

limbic system

-includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and other nearby areas

-responsible for our "emotional life"

-critical in memory formation

brainstem

-the lower part of the brain

-continuous with spinal cord

-medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain are all adjoined to it

midbrain

-controls basic unconscious body function

-joins brainstem with higher parts of brain

-reflex functions

-has visual and auditory reflex centers

pons

-on brainstem

-posterior and inferior to midbrain

-controls arousal

-works with medulla oblongata to control breathing and sleep

medulla oblongata

-contains the cardiac center, respiratory center, and blood pressure (vasomotor function)

-at bottom of brainstem

 -caudal to pons, anterior to cerebellum

reticular formation

-core of brainstem running through the pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata

-involved in sleep/awakening/arousal

cerebellum

-contains more than 50% of the neurons in your brain

-determines body position, contains the superior (how to get there), inferior (where body is), and medial (where you want to be) peduncles

ascending tract

descending tract

sulcus

-a really deep fissure

-in brain, the central sulcus is prominent

lateral ventricles

-largest

-1st- in left cerebral hemisphere

-2nd- in right cerebral hemisphere

-3rd- in middle

-4th- located in brainstem just in front of the cerebellum

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

-acts as cushion

-protects brain and spinal cord

foramen magnum

-hole at base of skull

-spinal cord extends through it

cervical enlargement

lumbar enlargement

reflex arcs

-signals that never even go to brain

-allow for fast and critical reactions to harmful things

-ex. taking your hand out of fire before your brain thinks "wow, this is hot..."

spinal nerves

- there are 31 pairs

-7 pairs of cervical (for head and neck, diaphram, deltoids, biceps, wrist extenders, triceps, and hand)

-12 pairs of thoracic (for chest muscles and abdominal muscles)

-5 pairs of lumbar (for your leg muscles)

-there are also sacral nerves (for your bowels, bladder, and sexual function)