Term
1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. embryonic endoderm |
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Definition
| what are the three primary germ layers? |
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Term
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Definition
| what takes place in the 3rd week of the embryo? |
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Term
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Definition
| lies down germ layers-we will get all body tissues and organs form these germ layers |
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Definition
a primary germ layer;
includes all nervous tissue; epidermis of skin and epidermal derivatives (hair, follicles, subaceous and sweat glands, nails) |
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Definition
a primary germ layer;
includes the epithelium of digestive tract (except that of oral and anal cavities); glandular derivatives of digestive tract (liver, pancres); epithelium of respiratory tract, auditroy tube and tonsils; thyroid, pancreas, thymus glands; epithlium of reproductive ducts and glands; and epithelium of urethra and bladder |
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Definition
a primary germ layer;
includes skeltal, smooth and cardiac muscle; cartialge, bone, and other connective tissues (blood); blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues; endothelium of blood vessels and lymphatics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| during embryonic development, when do we rearrange the layers? |
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Term
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Definition
| first organogensis; occurs right after gastrulation; ends on the 28th day (end of 4th week); differentiation of ectoderm which produces neural plate and neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
| what primary germ layer produces the neural plate and neural tube? |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F; the neural tube forms the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
neural plate
the ectoderm on midline begins to thicken which creates the neural plate which is now called the neural ectoderm and then begins to dip down or invaginate; the lateral folds puff up and the neural tube comes from the neural plate |
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Definition
| the neural tube (lumen) forms from what on the ectoderm? |
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Term
| neural tube defects like anasepholy and spina bifida |
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Definition
| what happens if the neural tube fails to close? |
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Term
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Definition
| the anterior end of the lumen or neural tube forms what? |
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Term
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Definition
| the neural tube first forms in what region |
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Term
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Definition
| the posterior or caudal end of our lumen or neural tube forms what? |
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Term
1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
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Definition
| what are the three primary brain vesicles? |
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Term
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon |
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Definition
| what are the 2 secondary brain vesicles that originate from the primary brain vesicle of the prosencephalon? |
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Term
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Definition
| what secondary brain vesicles originates from the primary brain vesicle of the mesencephalon? |
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Term
1. metencephalon
2. myetencephalon |
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Definition
| what are the 2 secondary brain vesicles that originate from the primary brain vesicle of the rhombencephalon? |
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Term
| cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei); lateral ventricle |
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Definition
| what structures comes from the telencephalon (secondary brain vesicle to the primary brain vesicle of the prosencephalon) |
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Term
| thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus; third ventricle |
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Definition
| what structures come from the diencephalon? (a secondary brain vesicle to the primary brain vesicle of the prosencephalon) |
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Term
| cerebral aquaduct; brainstem: midbrain |
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Definition
| what structures come from the mesencephalon? |
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Term
| brain stem: pons; upper part of the fourth ventricle; the cerebellum |
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Definition
| what structures come from the metencephalon (a secondary brain structure to the primary brain structure of the rhombencephalon)? |
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Term
| brain stem: medulla oblongata and lower part of the 4th ventricle |
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Definition
| what structures come from the mytencephalon (a secondary brain vesicle from the primary brain vesicle of the rhombencephalon) |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the primary brain vesicle of the forebrain? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the primary brain vesicle of the midbrain? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the primary brain vesicle of the hindbrain? |
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Term
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Definition
| in what week of embryonic development will the surface area start to increase on the brain and the grey matter called cortex will form; the surface will start to invaginate and fold to create more surface area |
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Term
| white matter (its white due to the myelin) |
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Definition
| composed of primarily myelinated axons |
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Term
grey matter
(grey due to Nissal bodoies and lack of myelin) |
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Definition
| composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia |
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Term
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Definition
| what is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is a bundle of neuronal axons in the PNS? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is a bundle of neuronal axons in the CNS? |
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Term
1. anterior: frontal lones of cerebellum
2. middle: anterior portion of temporal lobe
3. posterior: brainstem and cerebellum |
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Definition
| what are the 3 fossae in the brain and what parts compose the fossae? |
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Term
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Definition
| scattered grey matter that is seen within the white matter are called what in the brain? |
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Term
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Definition
| the cerebral hemispheres make up what percent of the brain? |
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Term
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital
5. insula (found deeper and floor of lateral sulcus) |
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Definition
| each hemisphere in the brain is divided into what 5 lobes? |
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Term
1. central sulcus: frontal lobe from pareital lobe; frontal/coronal plane
2. parieto-occipital sulcus: separates parietal and occipital lobe
3. lateral sulcus/fissure: separates temporal lobes from frontal and parietal lobe |
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Definition
| what are the 3 sulci of the cerebral hemispheres? |
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Term
1. longitudinal fissure: sagittal plane; separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
2. transverse fissure: transverse plane;separates cerebellum and cerebrum |
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Definition
| what are the 2 main fissures in the brain? |
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Term
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Definition
| what sulcus separates the precentral gyrus from the postcentral gyrus? |
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Term
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Definition
| the precentral gyrus is the primary ______ cortx |
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Term
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Definition
| the postcentral gyrus is the primary _______ cortex |
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Term
1. cerebral cortex (grey matter)
2. internal white matter
3. basal nuclei |
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Definition
| what are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres? |
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Term
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Definition
| the role that this plays is conscious thinking, sensation/evaluation of stimuli, speech, memory, personality traits, intelligence, understanding, initiation of voluntary muscle movement |
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Term
1. motor areas
2. sensory areas
3. association areas |
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Definition
| what are the 3 kind of functional areas of the cerebral cortex? |
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Term
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Definition
| this functional area in the cerebral cortex is for more complex integrative functions |
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Term
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Definition
| each hemisphere manages sensory and motor function of ipsolateral or contralateral sides of the body? |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary motor cortex is in this lobe; conscious control of skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary sensory cortex is in this lobe; conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual cortex is in this lobe; conscious perception of visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex are in this lobe; conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli |
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Term
false
Plasicity- if something happens to one area of the brain, another part of the cortex can pick up that activity that has been lost |
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Definition
| t or f; the brain does not have plasicity |
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Term
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Definition
| the motor speech areas aka Broca's Speech Area is found on the right or left hemisphere? |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up the floor of the longitudinal fissure; superior to the lateral ventricles |
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Term
| commissural fibers/commisres |
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Definition
| connect gray areas between 2 hemispheres (corpus callosum) |
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Term
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Definition
| connect different parts of the same hemisphere; there are short __________ and long _______________ (connect different cortical lobes) |
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Term
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Definition
| connect cortex to rest of the nervous system and to the body's receptors and effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of this is for communication pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of this is to influence motor function by helping to regulate initiation and termination of movements; helps initiate and terminate some cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and planning |
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Term
| caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus |
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Definition
| what three things make up the majority of the mass of the basal nuclei? |
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Term
the putamen + globus pallidus= lentiform nucleus
the lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus= CORPUS STRIATUM ("striped body") |
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Definition
| what four things make up the corpus striatum in the basal nuclei? |
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Term
1. huntingston disease
2. parkinsons disease |
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Definition
| what are two diseases that involve the basal nuclei? |
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Term
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Definition
| the degeneratoin (died) of basal nuclei because they accumulate Huntington protein which kills of cell bodies-->also start ot get degeneration of cerebral cortex; occurs in middle age; you have jerky, involuntary movement; this disease is hereditary and is fatal within 15 years of symptoms (overstimulation of motor drive) |
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Term
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Definition
| degeneration of the neurotransmitter dopamine releasing neurons in the midbrain; are in the nucleus--> SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; which kills off cells here and then those cells release dompamine on basal nuclei; tremors at rest; issues in initiating and executing movement; problem activating primary motor cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| this disease is mostly due to overactive basal nuclei and the inhibition of motor drive |
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Term
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. epithalamus |
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Definition
| the diencephalon consists of primarily what 3 paired structures? |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up 80% of the diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| helps in mediation of sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory; acts as a relay station for most sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex; ALL SENSORY INPUT WILL BE FUNNELED THROUGH THIS |
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Term
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Definition
| the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of this is the MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER FOR THE BODY (acts as autonomic control center and center for emotional response--regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep-wake cycles and endocrine system functioning); its influence on body is vital for maintaining homeostasis |
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Term
1. mammillary bodies (looked like a pair of breasts)
2. infundibulum |
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Definition
| what are the 2 projections/buldges from the hypothalamus? |
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Term
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Definition
| between the optic chiasma and mamillary bodies; connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; helps to regulate sleep-wake cycle (via pineal body) along with the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| what is a projection from the epithalamus? |
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Term
| pineal body (in transverse cerebral fissure) (looks like a pine cone) |
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Definition
| secretes MELATONIN--sleep inducing signal |
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Term
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| what are the 3 region of the brain stem? |
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Term
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Definition
| this contains the cerebral aquaduct and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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Term
1. cerebral penduncles
2. superior colliculi
3. inferior colliculi |
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Definition
| what are the 3 projections/budges from the midbrain? |
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Term
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Definition
| a projection in the midbrain that contains major motor fibers and tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| a projection of the midbrain; 2 bumps on top in transverse fissure; involved in VISUAL pathway--head and eye movement and neck |
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Term
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Definition
| a projection in the midbrain; 2 bumps involved with AUDITORY pathway; auditory reflex center--startle reflex which causes us to turn our heads to sound before we even perceive what it is |
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Term
| substantia nigra (degenerated in parkinsons disease) |
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Definition
| the pigmented nuclei thats located in white matter (darker nuclei so its easier to see) |
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Term
1. higher brain centers and spinal cord
2. motor cortex and cerebellum (seen as a budge called cerebellar peduncle) |
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Definition
| major component of pons are conduction tracts that course between: (2) |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of this is the autonomic reflex center housing important visceral motor nuclei (important for maintaining homeostasis) (ex. cardio vascular and respiratory centers) |
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Term
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Definition
| link with the hypothalamus--is in charge because it relays its instructions through the medulla |
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Term
| pyramids (ventral surface)- large corticospinal tracts; ducussations--where corticospinal tracts criss-cross sides |
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Definition
| what is a projection of the medulla oblongata? |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of this is to provide timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contractions for smooth and coordinated movements; also provides error correcting feed back for movements--> receptors gain info aabout body movements which evaluate how we are actually moving and adjusts neurons to fix it |
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Term
1. cerebellar hemispheres
2. vermis ("worm"-connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres-has folds which is known as folia)
3. arbor vitae (white matter;"tree of life")
4. folia- the "gyri" of cerebellum; folds in vermis; "leaves" of gray matter
4. anterior lobes
5. posterior lobes
6. flocculonodular lobes |
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Definition
| what are the 6 anatomical parts of the cerebellum? |
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