Circulating Blood

• important in maintaining homeostasis
• average male 150lb of 5L circulation in blood

Function of the blood

• Transportation
• Regulation
• Protection 

• carries oxygen to tissue
• carries carbon dioxide from the tissue cells
• transports nutrients and other substances
• transport waste production from cells
• carries hormones to organs 

Function of the Blood

(Regulation)

• Buffers keep Ph body fluid btw 7.35-7.45
• Substances maintain osmotic pressure regulate fluid tissue
• Transports heat to aid regulation of body temp. 

Function of the Blood

(Protection)

• Carries cells and antibodies of immune system
• Carries factors to protect againstblood loss 

• Prevents blood loss when vessel ruptures 

Procoagulaton

Promotes clotting 

Anticoagulation

Prevents Clotting

Blood Constituents

(Plasma)

55%

91% water

Erythrocytes

• Red Blood Cells

Transports oxygen

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells

Protects Against infection

• Cell Fragments that participate in blood clotting
• thickening of blood

Albumin

Most Abundant

Maintaing Osmotic Pressure

Clotting Factors 

Necessary for Blood Cogulation

Complement

Group of Enzymes

Lympth Fluid helps figh against Pathogen

Formed Elements

• Production in Red Bone Marrow
• Hematopoetic stem cells can develop into any blood cells

Erythrocytes

• Stimulas red blood cell production
• No Nucleus

Leukocytes

Granulocytes

Granulocytes

(Neutrophilis)

• Acidic or basic
• Most Abundant

Agranulocytes

Without granules

Agranulocytes

(Lymphocytes)

• 2nd most abundant
• Circulate Lymphatic System 

Agranulocytes

(Monocytes)

• Largest
• Matures into Macrophages

Platelets

(Thrombocytes)

• Smallest Formed Elements
• Not Cells, No Nuclei or DNA
• Essentail for Blood Coagulation(clotting)

Megakaryocytes

Cells with in Bone Marrow

Blood Types

• Must be compatible for blood transfusion from donor to patient
• Protein (antigens or agglutinogens) on Red Blood Cells Cause Incompatibility

Antigens

Stimulate Antibody Production

Agglutinogens

Clummping

Blood Compatibility

• Safest tranfusion is same blood

Blood Type O

Universal Donor, Anyone May Get

The Rh Factor

Rh Factor positive given to Rh negative can produces antibodies

Hemorrhage

Used for loss of large volume of blood

Hemapheresis

Keep desired elements and return remainder to donor

Plasmapheresis

Keep Plasma and Return Formed Elements to Donor

Anemia

Low Level of Hemoglobin or Red Cells

Leukemia

Increase in White Cells

Clotting Disorders

Abnormal Tendency to Bleed

Anemia

• Excessive Loss or Destruction of Red Blood Cells
• Impaired Production of Red Cells or Hemoglobin

Leukemia

Is Charcterized by Enormous Increase in White Cells

Leukemia

(Mylegenous Leukemia)

• Referred to as AML
• From Red Bone Marrow

Leukemia

(Lymphocytic Leukemia)

• Refered to as ALL
• From Lymphoid Tissue

Clotting Disorder

Clotting Disorder

(Hemophilia)

• Most Common
• Rare Hereditary
• Factor 8 Deficiency

Hematocrit

• mL or Red Cells per 100 mL of Whole Blood
• Performed in Centrifuge
• Men range 42%-54%
• Women range 36%-46%
• Volume

Amenic

Hematocrit

Less than 42% in Men and 36% in Women

What is Needed For the Formation of Hemoglobin?

Iron

Hemoglobin

• g of Hemoglobin per 100 mL of Whole Blood
• Performed by Electrophoresis
• Men Rang 14-17 g
• Women Range 12-15 g

Polycythemia

Erythropenia

Lack of Red Blood Cells

Leukopenia

Lack of White Cells

Differentail White Count Performed

Questionable Hemoglobin if?

Hemostasis

MACROPHAGES

• Monocytes enlarged and matured
• Highly Disposing of invaders and foreign material