-the military alliance between Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy,

-lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914. 

-Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great powers, or for Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone

-the alliance between France, Britain, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on August 31, 1907.

-The alliance of the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Portugal and Japan, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance ofGermany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. 

-18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914

-was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince ofHungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

-His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia, causing the Central Powers and the Allies of World War I to declare war on each other, starting World War I

-On July 6th, 1914, Wilhelm II and his Imperial Chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, telegrammed Berchtold that Austria-Hungary could rely that Germany would support whatever action was necessary to deal with Serbia -- in effect offering von Berchtold a 'blank check.'

-Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia b/c they assassinated franz ferdinand, effectively beginning the First World War.

-the German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war in which the German Empire might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east

-didn't want a two-front war

-German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating troops in the West and quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the East to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully.

-created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen and modified by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger after Schlieffen's retirement; it was Moltke who actually implemented the plan at the outset of World War I

-unlike almost every european war, the american civil war lasted for years rather than months

A French General, he took command of the French army at the outbreak of World War I. He helped counter the German Schlieffen Plan, and ordered the attack on the German Army at the Marne. However, due to the French inability to break through on the Western Front, Joffre was replaced.

The Battle of Tannenberg was an engagement between the Russian Empire and the German Empire in the first days ofWorld War I.

-It was fought by the Russian Second Army against the German Eighth Army between 26 August and 30 August 1914. 

-The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army.

-A series of follow-up battles destroyed the majority of the First Army as well, and kept the Russians off-balance until the spring of 1915.

-The battle is notable particularly for a number of rapid movements of complete German corps by train, allowing a single German army to concentrate forces against each Russian army in turn.

-a First World War battle fought between 5 and 12 September 1914.

-resulted in an Allied victory against the German Armyunder Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke the Younger.

-The battle effectively ended the month long German offensivethat opened the war and had reached the outskirts of Paris.

-The counterattack of six French field armies and one British army along the Marne River forced the German Imperial Army to abandon its push on Paris and retreat northeast, setting the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front

-before soldiers would charch an enemy trench, they would launch artillery at it to kill and stun as many people as possible

-new tactic of attack 

-took place on the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916, during the First World War.

-A joint British and French operation was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (Istanbul) and secure a sea route toRussia.

-The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides.

-The campaign was considered one of the greatest victories of the Turks and was reflected on as a major failure by the Allies.

 a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules 

US declare war on germany and enter the WWII struggle

a war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobilization of fully available resources and population.

stricter, more centralized, more people to please, must somewhat use realpolitik

-September 29, 1867 – June 24, 1922

-was a German industrialist, politician, writer, and statesman who served as Foreign Minister of Germany during the Weimar Republic.

-He was assassinated on June 24, 1922, two months after the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo, 1922.

-hindenburg

- a Prussian-German field marshal,statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934.

-ludendorf

-a German general, victor of Liège and of the Battle of Tannenberg. From August 1916 his appointment asQuartermaster general made him joint head (with Paul von Hindenburg), and chief engineer behind the management ofGermany's effort in World War I until his resignation in October 1918

-an armed insurrection staged in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916.

-mounted by Irish republicans with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing an independent Irish Republic at a time when the United Kingdom was heavily engaged in World War I.

-the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798

28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929

-was a French statesman who led the nation to victory in the First World War.

-A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics after 1870. -served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920.

-one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. 

-an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions.

-the trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with employers.

-The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".

-while all the men are off at war, there are plenty of jobs to be taken by the women, and they need to help boost the economy as best they can

-there is no class on  the battle field; if someone is dying, it doesn't matter who they are you save them

company officer or Company-grade officer, refers to the lowest operational commissioned officercategory of ranks in a military or paramilitary

a Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanovs, the Russian Imperial family. He was never officially connected to the Orthodox Church but considered a "strannik" (or pilgrim) wandering from cloister to cloister

-march 8, 1917

-ten thousand petrograd women marched through the city shouting "peace and bread and down with autocracy" 

-they were joined by other workers and eventually succeeded in shutting down all factories in the city

-nicholas II ordered his troops to disperse the crowds and shoot if necessary

-the soldiers ended up joining the crowds

-led to his abdication and the duma meeting to establish the provisional gov't

-an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a very large government. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule.

Russians

-councils of workers and soldiers deputies throughout russia 

-formed in 1917

-opposed the provisional and posed a threat to it

-a major political party in early 20th century Russia and a key player in the Russian Revolution.

-After the February Revolution of 1917 it shared power with other liberal and democratic socialist forces within theRussian Provisional Government. 

-a faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1904 after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, both members of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party.

-The dispute originated at the Second Congress of that party, ostensibly over minor issues of party organization. 

-a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

-The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name.

-They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

-The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later in 1922 become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union.

-22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924

-was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist

- Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known as Marxism–Leninism.

-leader of the bolsheviks

-issued 4 April 1917

-a series of directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Petrograd, Russia from his exile in Switzerland.

-The Theses were mostly aimed at fellow Bolsheviks in Russia and returning to Russia from exile. He called for soviets (workers' councils) to take power, denounced liberals and social democrats in the Provisional Government, called for Bolsheviks not to cooperate with the government, and called for new communist policies.

-The April Theses influenced the July Days and October Revolution in the next months and are identified with Leninism.

-4 May 1881 – 11 June 1970

-was a major political leader before and during the Russian Revolutions of 1917.

-served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviksunder Vladimir Lenin in the October Revolution. 

-1879-1940

-a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist,

-Soviet politician,

-founder and first leader of the Red Army.

-Trotsky was initially a supporter of the Menshevik Internationalists faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.

-He joined the Bolsheviks immediately prior to the 1917 October Revolution, and eventually became a leader within the Party

-was a government institution formed shortly after the October Revolution in 1917. -Created in the Russian Republic the council laid foundations in restructuring the country to form the Soviet Union.

-It evolved to become the highest government authority of executive power under the Soviet system in states which came under the control of Bolsheviks.

-was a separate peace treaty that the Soviet government was forced to sign on March 3, 1918 after almost six-month-long negotiations at Brest-Litovsk between Russia and the Central Powers marking Russia's exit from World War I.

-Signing of the treaty defaulted Russia's commitments on the Triple Entente alliance.

-a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces who fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War (1917–1922/3)

-to a lesser extent it continued operating as militarized associations both outside and within Russian borders until roughly the Second World War. 

-started out as the Soviet Russia's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil Warof 1918–1922

-It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s, the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.

-The "Red Army" refers to the traditional colour of the communist movement. On 25 February 1946, the Red Army was renamed the Soviet Army

-Communism is a revolutionary socialist movement to create a classless, moneyless and stateless social order structured upon common ownership of the means of production, as well as a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of this social order. 

-This movement, in its Marxist–Leninist interpretations, significantly influenced the history of the 20th century, which saw intense rivalry between the "socialist world" (socialist states ruled by communist parties) and the "western world"

-the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921.

-this policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the goal of keeping towns and the Red Army stocked with weapons and with food.

-The system had to be used because the ongoing war disrupted normal economic mechanisms and relations.

-"War communism", which began in June 1918, was enforced by the Supreme Economic Council, known as the Vesenkha. It ended on March 21, 1921 with the beginning of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which lasted until 1928.

-the institutionalized application of force to counterrevolutionaries, particularly during the French Revolution from the years 1793 to 1794

-The term Communist terrorism has also been used to describe the revolutionary terror, from the Red Terror in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) to the reign of the Khmer Rouge, and others.

-the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations.

-It was created on December 20, 1917, after a decree issued by Vladimir Lenin, and was subsequently led by aristocrat-turned-communist Felix Dzerzhinsky.

-By late 1918, hundreds of Cheka committees had been created in various cities, at multiple levels

-the last major German Spring Offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.

-The German attack failed when an Allied counterattack led by French forces and including several hundred tanks overwhelmed the Germans on their right flank, inflicting severe casualties.

-The German defeat marked the start of the relentless Allied advance which culminated in the Armistice about 100 days later.

-Thus the Second Battle of the Marne can be considered as the beginning of the end of the Great War.

-Weimar republic is the name given by historians to thefederal republic and parliamentary representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. 

-Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year

-a sovereign statein Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993.

a country in the western part of theBalkans during most of the 20th century.

-a statement by United States President Woodrow Wilson that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.

-People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the Great Britain, andVittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism

-an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.

-It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. 

-Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation andarbitration

-the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918.

-It took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities.

-one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I.

-It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

-It was signed on 28 June 1919,

commonly known as the "Guilt Clause" or the "War Guilt Clause", is the first article in Part VIII, "Reparations" of the Treaty of Versailles.

Germany had to pay reparations for the Great War

european powers were no longer the most dominant powers in the world, the US had the upper hand for the first time