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The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
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| Break down large chemicals and release energy. |
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| Build up large chemicals and require energy. |
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| The acquisition of food and other raw materials |
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The process of converting food into usable soluable form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive track and enter the body. |
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The passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive track into the body proper. Absorbed molecules pass through cells lining the digestive tract by diffuson or active transport.
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The circulation of essentials compounds required to nourish the tissues and the removal of waste products from the tissues
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The building up of new tissues from digested food materials.
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The consumption of oxygen by the body. Cells use oxygen to convert glucose into ATP, a ready source of energy for cellular activities.
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| The removal of waste products (such as carbon dioxide, water and urea) produced during metabolic processes like respiration and assimilation. |
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The creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism).
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The control of physiological activities. The body's metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment.
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| Regulation by hormones and the nervous system. |
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The ability ti respond to a stimulus and is part of regulation.
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An increase in size caused by a synthesis of new materials.
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The process by which plants convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates. Sunlight is harnessed by chlorophyll to drive this reaction.
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| The generation of additional individuals of a species. |
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| The substance of life (primarily carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphrous). |
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| Used as storage forms of energy. |
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| Carbohydrates like glucose and fructose that are single sugar subunits. |
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| Carbohydrates like maltose and fructose composed of two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis. |
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| The removal of a water molecule to form a larger compound. |
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| Polymers (chains) of repeating monosaccharide subunits like glycogen and starch. |
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| Breaking down larger polymers by adding water. |
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| The chief means of food storage in animals. They also provide insulation and protection against injury. |
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Proteins that function as chemical messengers secreted into the circulation such (ie. insulin and ACTH).
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| These are biological catalysts that act by increasing the rate of chemical reactions important for biological functions (ie. amylase, lipase, ATPase). |
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Contribute to the physical support of a cell or tissue. They may be extracellular (collagen, cartilage, bone and tendons) or intracellular (proteins in cell membrane).
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| Carriers of important materials. |
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| Transport protein of oxygen in the circulation. |
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| Transport protein which carries electrons during cellular respiration. |
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| Regulates passage of materials in and out of the cell. |
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| Controls activities of the cell including cell divison. Contains the DNA and the nucleolus. |
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| Complexed with structural proteins called histones to form chromosomes. |
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| A dense structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs. |
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The sites of protein production and are synthesized by the nucleus.
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| A network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those destined to be secreted by the cell. |
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Receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER, modifies them (glycosylation), repackages them into vesicles and distributes them to the cell surface by exocytosis.
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| The sites of aerobic respiration within the cell and hence the suppliers of energy. |
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| Most of the cells metabolic activity occurs here. Free ribosomes are also found here. |
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| Membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed or digested by the cell. |
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| Involved in spindle organization during cell division and are not bound by membranes. Plant cells do not have these. |
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| Membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. Break down material ingested by the cell. |
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| When an injured or dying tissue may "commit suicide" by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing its hydrolytic enzymes. |
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| Supports the cell, maintains its shape and functions in cell motility. It is composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. |
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| Made up of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell and provide a framework for organelle movement within the cell. |
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| Specialized arrangements of microtubles that extend from certain cell and are involved in cell motility and cytoplasmic movement. |
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| Solid rods of actin important in cell movement as well as support (ie. muscle contraction). |
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| Passive process that requires no source of energy in which dissolved particles move down their concentration gradients from high to low. |
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| The simple diffusion of water from a low to high concentration. |
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The medium of a cell when the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium.
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| Development of a hypertonic cell. Will cause the cell to shrivel. |
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| Extracellular medium where the extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell. Water flows into the cell and causes it to swell and burst (lyse). |
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Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport) |
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| Does not require energy and is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier protiens in the cell membrane. |
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| Net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradint with help of transport proteins and requires energy. |
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| Energy Independent Carriers |
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| Facilitate the movement of compounds along a concentration gradient |
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| Move two or more ions or molecules. |
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| Exchange one or more ions (or molecules) for another ion or molecule. |
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| Energy-dependent carriers (require ATP) |
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| Process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium. |
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| The ingestion of fluids or small particules. |
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| The engulfing of large particles. |
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| A vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside. |
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| The transportation of materials within cells and throughout the body of a multicellular organism. |
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| Intracellular circulation |
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| The movement of materials within a cell. |
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Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell (intracellular circulation).
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| The circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transports molecules (intracellular circulation). |
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| Provides channels throughout the cytoplasm and provides a direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane. |
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| Extracellular Circulation |
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| Deal with the movement of materials on a larger scale through the body of an organism. |
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| Sufficent method of transporting food and oxygen from the environment to cells in direct or close contact with external environments. |
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| Includes vessels to transport fluid and a pump to drive the circulation in complex animals whose cells are to far from the environment. |
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