Term
| The autonomic nervous system (ans) regulates the activities of effector organs which include smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and __________ |
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Definition
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| The ANS generally operates without general control and was originally thought to be autonomous of ___________ |
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| The CNS regulates the ANS through CNS centers such as the hypothalumus and ___________________ |
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The ANS and the endocrine system are the 2 major controllers of _____________________________ |
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The nervous system has 2 divisions: The CNS consists of : ________ _________ The PNS consists of: Cranial Nerves--arise from ____ Spinal Nerves--emerge from the spinal cord |
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Brain Spinal Cord The Brain |
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| The PNS is subdivided into |
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Definition
Afferent (sensory) system Efferent (motor) system |
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Afferent (sensory) system: Nerve cells that conduct impulses____________________ |
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Efferent (motor) system: Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the brain to muscles and glands. The afferent and efferent systems further divide into: |
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Definition
somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system |
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SNS somatic nervous system- Neurons under conscious control that conduct excitation impulses to_____________ |
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ANS- autonomic nervous system- neurons generally not under conscious control that convey either excitation or _______ To:______________ |
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Definition
Inhibition impulses to: Smooth, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands |
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Term
The autonomic nervous system is then subdivided into: |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division |
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Sympathetic Division Usually increases an |
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Parasympathetic Division: usually decreases |
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| Organs that recieve impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers are said to have: |
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Term
autonomic pathways* Snesory neurons of the ANS recieve their afferent input from the special senses, general visceral senses, and general |
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Definition
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autonomic motor pathways* Autonomic efferent pathways consist of 2 sets of major motor neurons that extend from the CNS, as opposed to 1 motor neuron for the ____________________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The axon of the first ANS motor neuron (preganglionic Neuron) is: |
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Its cell body (soma) is located within the gray matter of the brain or the lateral gray horns of : __________________________ |
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| Gray matter refers to neurons having_______ nerve axons, rather than white matter which is formed by _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The gray matter of the spinal cord is composed of the ____,______, and _______ |
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Definition
| anterior, lateral, and posterior gray horns. |
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Term
The preganglionic axon extends from the CNS and synapses in a ganglion with a second neuron (postganglionic neuron). A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies ____________________ |
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Definition
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Term
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter substance released within the autonomic ganglion formed at the junction of the preganglionic neuron with __________________________ |
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Definition
| the post ganglionic neuron |
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Term
The axon of the post ganglionic ANS neuron is _____________________ |
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Definition
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Its cell body lies entirely outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion, from which an axon _____ |
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Definition
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The axon of a post ganglionic neuron, the postganglionic fiber, terminates in a ____________ |
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Definition
Visceral effector. Also called "in organ" or "target organ" |
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Term
Either acetylcholine or epinepherine/norepenepherine are releases at the end organs. Epinepherine and norepinepherine are hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that are collectivley __________________________ |
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Definition
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| Epinephrine (adrenalin) stimulates effector organs by causing profound contraction of vascular smooth muscle tissue (vasoconstriction), accelerating heart rate, and relaxation of _______________ |
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Definition
| bronchial smooth muscles (bronchodilation) |
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Term
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is similar to epinepherine in causing vasoconstriction, BUT it has little effect on heart rate or ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 30 times more postganglionic fibers than preganglionic, thus the effects are |
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Definition
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cell bodies (somas)** Sympathetic preganglionic somas are located within the lateral gray horns of the two spinal areas A. The 12 _______ B.The first 2 or 3 ________ C. The sympathetic neuron arrangment is sometimes termed __________ |
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Definition
A. Thoracic Segments B. Lumbar Segments C. Thoracolumbar Distribution |
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Term
Parasympathetic preganglionic somas have two general locations. The first location is found in the brain stem nuclei (clusters of CNS neurons) of __________________________ |
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Definition
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CN 111 (oculomotor) - movement of the _______________ |
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CN vii (facial) - movements of the facial muscles and __________ |
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CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - taste and _______ |
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Definition
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CN X (vagus) a. located in the medulla of the _____ b. associated with the organs of _____ c. carries about 75-80% of all _______ |
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Definition
1.brain stem 2. trunk 3. parasympathetic fibers |
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Term
| The 2nd location is found in the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral segments. These cell bodies are associated with the sex organs, ____, and _____ |
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Definition
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| The parasympathetic neuron arrangment is sometimes termed _______ |
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Definition
| Cranialsacral Distribution |
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Term
Autonomic Ganglia*** 3 classifications for: Sympathetic Trunk (vertebral chain or paravertabral ganglia) --extends downward on both sides of the spine as 2 chains of ____ _____ ____ |
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Definition
| linked sympathetic ganglia |
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Term
| Collateral (prevertebral) ganglia-- anterior to the spinal column and associated with ___ ____ |
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Definition
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| Terminal (intrmural) ganglia-- near or inside the visceral effectors of |
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The ANS fibers may: *synapse directly with ___ ___ ___ *ascend or decend the sympathetic trunk to reach ______ ________ ______ *continue directly through the symp. trunk to synapse w/specific ganglia. |
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Definition
sympathetic trunk ganglia collateral trunk ganglia |
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Term
| Sympathetic collateral ganglia-- celiac ganglion (solar plexus), superior mesenteric ganglion, and__________________________ |
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Definition
inferior mesenteric ganglia *important collateral ganglia* |
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parasympathetic collateral ganglia-- Ciliary gangion, pteryopaltine ganglion, sumbmandibular ganglion, and ____ |
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Definition
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| tie in as nets or bundles of nerves associated with specific ____ ___ |
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Definition
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| The greater splanchnic nerves are bundles of preganglionic nerve fibers that branch from the 7 lower thoracic segments of the spinal cord. They pass through the sympathetic trunk as a net and converge to synapse on the ____ _____ |
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| Plexuses are bundels of postganglionic nerve fibers associated with major organs (cardiac plexus, respiratory {pulmonary} plexus, and ___ _____) |
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Definition
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| most body systems recieve dual inervations from the sympathetic and ____ _____ |
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Definition
| parasympathetic subdivisions. |
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Term
| usually one division causes excitation and one causes inhibition. The relationship is ____ |
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Definition
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| the effects of sypmathetic stimulation are longer lasting and more widespread than those of ____ _______ |
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Definition
| parasympathetic stimulation |
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Term
| Autonomic neurons are classified on the basis of the neurotransmitter substances they liberate. There are ___ ____ ____ |
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Definition
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| Cholinergic Neurons release acetylcholine (ACh). They innervate most sweat glads and blood vessels in skeletal muscles. There are 2 types of ____ ____ |
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Definition
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NICOTINIC RECEPTORS: *found on __- ___-____ *innervated by parasym. and __ __ __ *the effects are ___ ___ ____ *Produce ___ ___ |
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Definition
post ganglionic neurons sympathetic ganglion cells short in duration excitation ONLY |
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Term
Nicotinic receptors are so named because nicotine mimics the action of ACh on ___ ____ |
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Definition
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| The drug CURARE blocks the nicotinic recpetors and causes skeletal muscle ____. (_____) |
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Definition
| relaxation (flacis paralysis) |
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Term
*Muscarinic Receptors* 1.Present at neuroeffecto junctions such as sphincter muscles and __ ___ 2.Innerverted by the _____ 3. May produce either ___ or ____ 4. The effects are of ___ ____ |
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Definition
1. sweat glands 2. parasympathetic system ONLY 3. excitation or inhibition 4. long duration |
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Term
| muscarinic receptors are so names because muscarine mimcs the action of ACh on such receptors. Muscarine is a neurotoxic poison produced by a ___ ___ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The drug atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors and causes pupil dialtion,reduced gladular secretions, and relaxation of the __ ___ ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine and/or epinepherine. They are found on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. There are 2 types of ___ ____ |
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Definition
| adrenargic recpetors. (alpha and beta) |
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Term
ALPHA RECEPTORS: *respond to norepinepherine and ____ *react by opening channels that depolarize the cell membrane and cause ____ *cause constriction of peripheral blood vessels through stimulation of the ___ ___ ___ *the drug phenylephrine (Entex, Robitussin Night Relief) acts upon alpha recpetors by causing vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa to __ __ __ |
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Definition
*epinepherine *excitation * surrounding smooth muscles *relieve nasal congestion |
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Term
BETA RECEPTORS: *especially sensitve to ____ *found in many organs-- blood vessels of skeletal muscles, lungs, ____, and ____ *They cause increased BP through ____ |
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Definition
*epinepherine *heart and liver *vasoconstiction |
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Term
| Beta Blockers like propranolol (Inderall) reduce BP by blocking the beta receptors to the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Sympathomimetic drugs (agonists), promote sympathetic nerve effects, and sympatholytic drugs (antagonists) block______ _____ *Phenylephrine is an _____ *Propranolol is an _____ |
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Definition
Sympathetic effects agonist antagonist |
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Term
| The parasympathetic division regulates those activities that conserve and restore body energy. It is an |
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Definition
| ENERGY CONSERVATION - RESTORATIVE SYSTEM |
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Term
| THE ACRONYM slud stands for the primary responses driven by the ___ ____ |
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Definition
Parasympathetic division. S* salvation L* lacrimation U* urination D* defication |
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Term
The sympathic division prepares the body for emergency situations. A series of physiological activities called flight or flight response produces the following: *epinepherine is released by the ______ *pupils ____ *heart rate and ___ ___ *the blood vessels of nonessential ___ *the liver splits glycogen into glucose for immediate use by the____ *Bronchioles dilate to allow for ____ |
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Definition
*adrenal medulla in huge quantities *dialate *Bp increases *constrict *Liver dialate *teh cells (glycosis) *deeper breathing |
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Term
| a visceral autonomic reflex adjusts the activity of a ____ _____ |
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Definition
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| examples would be the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the GI tract or changes in the ___ ___ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
The homeostasis of heart rate, BP, respiration, digestion, defication, and urination are ____ _____ ____ |
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Definition
| visceral autonomic reflexes |
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Term
| Vicseral sensations dont always reach the cerebral cortex. Most are unconscious, although hunger, nausea, and fullness of the bladder and rectum are conscious expressions of ___ ___ ___ |
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Definition
| visceral autonomic expressions |
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Term
| The hypothalamus controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system. Its connected to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions through ___ in the ___ |
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Definition
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| However, during emotional stress, the cerebral cortex can influence the autonomic nervous system. Anxiety can increase ____ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Conversely, unpleasent sights can cause vasodialation with a parasympathetic lowering of BP resulting in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Biofeedback is a process in which people learn to monitor visceral functions and to control them consciously. It has been used to control heart rate, alleviate migrane headaches, and _____ _____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
achalasia is a disfunction of the myenteric plexus which innervates the smooth muscles at the lower end of the esophagus. The muscles constrict and prevent food from entering the stomach. Treatmeant is with a balloon device (BOUGIE TUBE) that stretches the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter). A cardiomyotomy or cutting of the sphincter muscles _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Horners Syndrome the sympathetic innervation to one side of the face is lost due to injury or disease(ms). Sweating stops on the affected side (anhidrosis), and the eyelid droops (ptosis). Electrostimulation is sometimes beneficial. Horners syndrome shouldnt be confused with bells palsy which causes unilateral facial paralysis as a result of ___ ___ ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Raynauds Disease often affects young women. Sympathetic stimulation causes excessive peripheral vasoconstriction. The fingers and toes are deprived of blood, become painful, and may become necrotic from lack of oxygen and nutrients. A sympathectomy to cut the sympathetic innervation may _____ _____ |
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