-extravagant experimentation that had marked the PREWAR period no longer seemed appropriate

-turn back to other styles and genres (ex. Classicism)

-alternatives to modernism were explored

-a search for solid standards and norms (ex. Serialism) 

-re-emerges as the driving force in music furing the 3rd quarter of teh 20th cenutry; in a new more extreme phase

-two main (contradictory phases):

1)COMPLEX CONSTRUCTIVISTS: highly intellecutal constructive tendencies (inspired by Schoenberg's serialism)  

2) CHANCE COMPOSERS: relinquishing control of some elements of musical construction and leaving them to chance 

a general term for sound quality, either of a momentary chord or of a whole piece or style

-one of the two areas in which avant-garde music in post WWII pahse made the greatest of its breakthroughs (the other area was TIME and RHythm)  

1 of 3 stages of electronic music

-incorporating sounds of life into compositions

-lives on in "sampling" 

1 of 3 stages in the evolution of electronic music.

-appartus designed for music with arrays of sound-producing modules connected by "patch cords" to create complex sounds  

last of 3 stages in the evolution of electronic music

also called aleatoric music (dice)

-certain elements usually specified by the composer are left to chance

-chance composers questioned assumptions about musical time

-stress a passive sense of time that cuts against goal-directed culture

-LUX AETERNA (1966)

-typifies search for new sonorities and also new attitudes towards time

-some music uses no clear pitches or chords

-"sound complexes" ; slowly change over time; so many pitches that consonance, dissonance and quality of pitch is lost

-no discernable time or rhythm

-"drone-like" quality (glacial surging, sense of receding, yet diverse tone colours).

-MUSICAL FORM: simplicity. 

-EDGARD VARESE

-extraordinary multimedia experience, 1958 World Fair 

an interesting composer who bridged BOTH phases of modernism in twentieth-century music

-1920s; music among most radical

-approach to RHYTHM and SONORITY (especially)

-makes use of MUSIQUE CONCRETE IN "poeme"  

the most consistent radical figure of postwar music (the "father" of CHANCE music); following footsteps of Ives

-studied with Schoenberg 

-statement often more important than the SOUNDS

-earliest and most famous of the new styles emerging in the mid-1960s

-sharp reaction ot complexities of modernist composition

-uses very simple melodies, motives and harmonies repeated many times

-presentation of long, slowly changing blocks of musical time (similar to modernist experimentation)  

-old master of the minimalist style

-MUSIC FOR 18 MUSICIANS: one of the early classics of minimalist style

-includes singers, cellists, violinists, clarinetists, and large percussion

-has timbre; percussive sound alternating between ringing and dry and brittle; reminiscent of the gamelan orchestras in Indonesia

-piece is not directed by a conductor but by the RESONANT VIBRAPHONE

-piece rigorously, schematically organized 

-modernist (20th century)

-reich

-demonstrates minimalits' love of symettrical musical forms (arch form in this case; A B A B A)

-demonstrates minimalists' ability to make us hear MUSICAL PROCESS in a new way/with a new concentration (incessant repetition means we focus on the gradual changes)

-SAARIAHO (1988)

-a cycle of five songs for two unaccompanied sopranos

-song set to words of Plath; bring together prose and another poem

-scatters stanzas unevenly across her five songs

-superimposes two different texts sung simultaneously (similar to the isorhythmic motet of the middle ages)

- 

1. eclecticism: free, juxtaposing of many different styles and gestures

2. its self-conscious reference ot earlier styles and genres

3. its strong, straightforward expression