Term
Cerebral Hemispheres
(5.1 Cerebral Hemispheres and Brain Stem) |
|
Definition
| The two Large neural structures that sit atop the vertebrate brain stem, one on the left and one on the right. They mediate complex psychological processes |
|
|
Term
Brain Stem
(5.1 Cerebral Hemispheres and Brain Stem) |
|
Definition
| The central Neural Stem on which the two cerebral hemispheres sit; many brain stem structures play key roles in the regulation of the body's inner environment |
|
|
Term
Telencephalon
(5.2 The Five divisions of the Mature Brain) |
|
Definition
| The cerebral Hemispheres, one of the two divisions of the forebrain (The other is the diencephalon) |
|
|
Term
Diencephalon
(5.2 The Five divisions of the Mature Brain) |
|
Definition
| The region of the brain between the telencephalon and the mesencephalon; one of the two divisions of the forebrain (the other is the telencephalon); the most anterior region of the brain stem |
|
|
Term
Mesencephalon
(5.2 The Five divisions of the Mature Brain) |
|
Definition
| The midbrain; the region of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the metencephalon |
|
|
Term
Metencephalon
(5.2 The Five divisions of the Mature Brain) |
|
Definition
| The region of the brain stem between the mesencephalon and the myelencephalon; one of the two divisions of the hindbrain (the other is the myelencephalon) |
|
|
Term
Myelencephalon
(5.2 The Five divisions of the Mature Brain) |
|
Definition
| The most posterior region of the brain; the area of the brain stem between the metencephalon and the spinal cord; one of the two divisions of the hindbrain (the other is the metencephalon) |
|
|
Term
Dura Mater
(5.3 The Meninges) |
|
Definition
| The outermost and toughest of the three meninges |
|
|
Term
Arachnoid Membrane
(5.3 The Meninges) |
|
Definition
| The middle menynx; it has the texture of a gauze-like spider web |
|
|
Term
Pia Mater
(5.3 The Meninges) |
|
Definition
| The innermost and most delicate of the three meninges; it adheres to the surface of the CNS |
|
|
Term
Subarachnoid space
(5.3 The Meninges) |
|
Definition
| The space between the main part of the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater; it contains cerebrospinal fluid, the web-like processes of the arachnoid layer, and many blood vessels |
|
|
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
(5.3 The Meninges) |
|
Definition
| The fluid that fills both the subarachnoid space and the hollow core of the brain and spinal cord; it nourishes and cushions the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
Horizontal Sections
(2.1 Planes in the Human Brain) |
|
Definition
| Slices of the brain that are cut in a horizontal plane, that is, cut parallel to the horizon when the subject is in an upright position |
|
|
Term
Sagittal Sections
(2.1 Planes of the Human Brain) |
|
Definition
| Slices of the brain that are cut in a sagittal plane, that is, cut parallel to the vertical plane that divides the brain into left and right halves |
|
|
Term
Midsagittal section
(2.1 Planes of the Human Brain) |
|
Definition
| A sagittal section that is cut from the very midline of the brain |
|
|
Term
Coronal Sections
(2.1 Planes of the Human Brain) |
|
Definition
| Slices of the brain that are cut in a coronal or frontal plane, that is, cut aprox parallel to the surface of the face |
|
|
Term
Cross sections
(2.1 Planes of the Human Brain) |
|
Definition
| Sections that are cut at right angles to the long axis of any long narrow structure, for example, at right angles to the long axis of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
Anterior
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Toward the nose end; also known as rostral |
|
|
Term
Posterior
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Toward the tail end; also known as caudal |
|
|
Term
Dorsal
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Toward the surface of the back or top of the head |
|
|
Term
Ventral
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Toward the surface of the chest and stomach or bottom of the head |
|
|
Term
Medial
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Toward the midsagittal plane |
|
|
Term
Lateral
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Away from the midsagittal plane; toward the left or right |
|
|
Term
Superior
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Toward the dorsal surface of the primate head |
|
|
Term
Inferior
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| Toward the ventral surface of the primate head |
|
|
Term
Unilateral
(2.3 Sides of the human Nervous system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bilateral
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| On both sides of the body |
|
|
Term
Ipsilateral
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| From or to the same side of the body |
|
|
Term
Contralateral
(2.2 Directions in the Human Nervous System) |
|
Definition
| From or to the opposite side of the body |
|
|
Term
Fissures
(7.1 Major Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The large, deep grooves in the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
Sulci
(7.1 Major Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The small grooves in the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
Central Fissures
(7.1 Major Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The long, deep fissures on the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, one on each side; they run from the longitudinal fissure down to the lateral fissure |
|
|
Term
Lateral Fissures
(7.1 Major Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The long, deep fissures that run roughly horizontally on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres, one on each side |
|
|
Term
Gyri
(7.1 Major Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The large ridges, or convolutions, between adjacent fissures |
|
|
Term
Cerebral Cortex
(7.1 Major Fissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres; it is largely composed of gray matter |
|
|
Term
Frontal Lobes
(7.2 Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, one in each hemisphere, that are anterior to the central fissures |
|
|
Term
Parietal Lobes
(7.2 Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The two regions of the cerebral hemispheres one in each hemisphere, that are posterior to the central fissures and superior to the lateral fissures |
|
|
Term
Temporal Lobes
(7.2 Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, one in each hemisphere, that are inferior to the lateral fissures |
|
|
Term
Occipital Lobes
(7.2 Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The two regions of the cerebral hemispheres that are at te posterior pole of each hemisphere |
|
|
Term
Precentral Gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The frontal lobe gyrus that is located just anterior to the central fissure |
|
|
Term
Superior Frontal Gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The frontal lobe gyrus that run horizontally along the top of the lobe |
|
|
Term
Middle frontal gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The frontal lobe gyrus that is located just inferior to the middle frontal gyrus |
|
|
Term
Inferior frontal gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The frontal lobe gyrus that is located just inferior to the middle frontal gyrus |
|
|
Term
Superior temporal gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The temporal lobe gyrus that is located just inferior to the lateral fissure |
|
|
Term
Middle Temporal Gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The temporal lobe gyrus that is located between the superior and inferior temporal gyri |
|
|
Term
Inferior temporal gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The temporal lobe gyrus that is located just inferior to the middle temporal gyrus |
|
|
Term
Postcentral Gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The parietal lobe gyrus that is located just posterior to the central fissure |
|
|
Term
Angular gyrus
(7.3 Major Gyri of the Cerebral Hemispheres) |
|
Definition
| The parietal lobe gyrus that is located at the parietal lobe's border with tthe temporal and occipital lobes |
|
|
Term
Allocortex
(7.4 The cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Three-layered cerebral cortex, which was the first type of cerebral cortex to evolve; humans have mostly neocortex (allocortex means other cortex) |
|
|
Term
Neocortex
(7.4 The cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Six-layered cerebral cortex of relatively recent evolutionary origin; most human cerebral cortex is neocortex |
|
|
Term
Pyramidal Cells
(7.4 The cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Cortical neurons with a pyramid-shaped cell body, an apical dendrite, and a long axon. |
|
|
Term
Stellate cells
(7.4 The cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Star-shaped cortical neurons with many short dendrites and a short axon |
|
|
Term
Medulla
(6.1 Major structures of the Myelencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The most posterior region of the brain stem; the myelencephalon; its major structures include the pyramids, olives, medullary reticular formation, and the nuclei that contribute axons to cranial nerves 9, 10, 11, and 12 |
|
|
Term
Pyramids
(6.1 Major structures of the Myelencephalon) |
|
Definition
| Two large bulges, one left and one right, on the ventral surface of the medulla; they contain the pyramidal tracts, which carry signals for voluntary movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the motor circuits of the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
Olives
(6.1 Major structures of the Myelencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The pair of large olive-shaped clusters of nuclei that are visible as bulges on the lateral surfaces of the medulla, one on each side; they are connected to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
Reticular formation
(6.1 Major structures of the Myelencephalon) |
|
Definition
| A complex network of nuclei and short interconnecting tracts that is located in the core of the brain stem, from the medulla to the midbrain; its nuclei play a role in controlling many vital body functions and in the promotion of arousal attention and sleep |
|
|
Term
Cerebellum
(6.2 Major Structures of the metencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The large striped metencephalic structure that is situated just dorsal to the pons; it plays a role in the coordination of movement |
|
|
Term
Cerebellar peduncles
(6.2 Major Structures of the metencephalon) |
|
Definition
| Three large pairs of tracts (inferior, middle, and superior) that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain stem |
|
|
Term
Pons
(6.2 Major Structures of the metencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The ventral portion of the metencephalon; its major structures include the fourth ventricle, the metencephalic portion of the reticular formation, many ascending and descending tracts, and the nuclei of cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, 8 |
|
|
Term
Super Colliculi
(6.3 Major structures of the Mesencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The more anterior of the two pairs of nuclei that constitute the mammalian tectum; they play a role in vision |
|
|
Term
Inferior Colliculi
(6.3 Major structures of the Mesencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The more posterior of the two pairs of nuclei that constitute the mammalian tectum; they play a role in audition |
|
|
Term
Red nuclei
(6.3 Major structures of the Mesencephalon) |
|
Definition
| A pair of tegmental nuclei, one on the left and one on the right; they have a pinkish appearance and are important structures of the sensorimotor system |
|
|
Term
Periaqueductal gray
(6.3 Major structures of the Mesencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The tegmetal gray matter that is located around the cerebral aqueduct; it plays a role in the suppression of pain and in defensive behavior |
|
|
Term
Substantia Nigra
(6.3 Major structures of the Mesencephalon) |
|
Definition
| A pair of tegmental sensorimotor nuclei, one on the left and one on the right; they are so named because many of their neurons contain a dark pigment |
|
|
Term
Thalamus
(6.4 Diencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The two lobed diencephalic structure at the top of the brain stem, one lobe on each side of the third ventricle; several of its nuclei relay sensory information to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
Lateral geniculate nuclei
(6.4 Diencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The thalamic nuclei that relay visual information to the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
Medial Geniculate Nuclei
(6.4 Diencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The thalamic nuclei that relay auditory information to the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
Ventral Posterior Nuclei
(6.4 Diencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The thalamic nuclei that relay tactual information to the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
Internal lamina
(6.4 Diencephalon) |
|
Definition
| The layers of white matter in each lobe of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
Hypothalamus
(6.5 Diencephalon: The hypothalamus) |
|
Definition
| The diencephalic structure that is located just beneath the anterior end of the thalamus; the pituitary gland is suspended from it |
|
|
Term
Ventromedial Nuclei
(6.5 Diencephalon: The hypothalamus) |
|
Definition
| The pair of hypothalamic nuclei, one on the left and one on the right, that plays a role in regulating the conversion of blood glucose to body fat; they are located near the midline in the ventral part of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
(6.5 Diencephalon: The hypothalamus) |
|
Definition
| The pair of hypothalamic nuclei, one on the left and one on the right, that play a role in the timing of 24-hr biological rhythms that are located just dorsal to the optic chiasm |
|
|
Term
Mammillary bodies
(6.5 Diencephalon: The hypothalamus) |
|
Definition
| The pair of hypothalamic nuclei, one on the left and one on the right, that are part of a system that plays an important role in emotion; they are visible on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus as a pair of bumps just behind the pituitary |
|
|
Term
Preoptic area
(6.5 Diencephalon: The hypothalamus) |
|
Definition
| The most anterior area of the hypothalamus; it plays a role in sexual behavior |
|
|
Term
Primary Sensory Areas
(7.5 Divisions of the cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Areas of the cerebral cortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of a single sensory system; most of their output goes to adjacent secondary sensory areas of the same system |
|
|
Term
Secondary Sensory areas
(7.5 Divisions of the cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| areas of sensory cortex that receive their input from one primary sensory area and from other secondary areas of the same system; there are typically several secondary sensory areas adjacent to each primary sensory area |
|
|
Term
Primary motor areas
(7.5 Divisions of the cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Areas of motor cortex that send most of their output to subcortical and spinal motor circuits; much of their input comes from adjacent secondary motor areas |
|
|
Term
Secondary motor areas
(7.5 Divisions of the cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Areas of motor cortex that send much of their output to areas of primary motor cortex; much of their input comes from associations cortex |
|
|
Term
Association Areas
(7.5 Divisions of the cerebral cortex) |
|
Definition
| Areas of cerebral cortex that receive input from more than one sensory system, typically via areas of secondary sensory cortex, much of their output goes to areas of secondary motor cortex |
|
|
Term
Primary auditory cortex
(7.6 Primary sensory and motor areas) |
|
Definition
| The areas of cortex, one in each hemisphere, that receive most of their input from the auditory relay nuclei of the thalamus (i.e. from the medial geniculate nuclei); they are located in the superior temporal lobes, largely in the lateral fissures |
|
|
Term
Primary Gustatory Cortex
(7.6 Primary sensory and motor areas) |
|
Definition
| The areas of cortex, one in each hemisphere, that receive most of their input from the gustatory relay nuclei of the thalamus; they are located on te inferior border of the parietal lobes, largely in the lateral fissures |
|
|
Term
Primary motor cortex
(7.6 Primary sensory and motor areas) |
|
Definition
| The areas of cortex, one in each hemisphere, that send most of their motor fibers to the motor circuits of the brain stem and spinal cord; tey are located in the precentral gyri of the frontal lobes |
|
|
Term
Primary Somatosensory cortex
(7.6 Primary sensory and motor areas) |
|
Definition
| The areas of cortex, one in each hemisphere, that receive most of their input from the somatosensory relay nuclei of the thalamus; they are ocated in the postcentral gyri of the parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
Primary olfactory cortex
(7.6 Primary sensory and motor areas) |
|
Definition
| The areas of cortex, one in each hemisphere, that receive the most of their input from the olfactory relay nuclei of the thalamus; they are located on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes |
|
|
Term
Retina
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The five layered neural structure that lines the back of each eyeball; the furthest retinal layer from the pupil contains the visual receptors, and the closest contains the retinal ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
Optic Nerves
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The bundles of retinal ganglion cell axons that leave each eyeball; the second cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
Retina
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The five layered neural structure that lines the back of each eyeball; the furthest retinal layer from the pupil contains the visual receptors, and the closest contains the retinal ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
Optic Nerves
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The bundles of retinal ganglion cell axons that leave each eyeball; the second cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
Optic Chiasm
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The x-shaped midline structure on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus; the retinal ganglion cells axons originating in the medial hemiretinas decussate via the optic chiasm |
|
|
Term
Optic tracts
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The tracts, left and right, that project from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nuclei; they are composed of the axons of retinal ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
Lateral geniculate nuclei
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The thalamic nuclei that relay visual information from the optic tracts to the ipsilateral primary visual cortex via the optic radiations |
|
|
Term
Optic Radiations
(8.1 Visual System: From eye to cortex) |
|
Definition
| The diffuse neural pathways from each lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex of the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
Primary Visual Cortex
(8.2 Cortical Visual Areas) |
|
Definition
| The areas of occipital cortex, one left and one right, that receive most of their input from the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus; also referred to as striate cortex |
|
|
Term
Prestriate Cortex
(8.2 Cortical Visual Areas) |
|
Definition
| The areas of the cerebral cortex, one in each hemisphere, that surround primary visual cortex; The prestriate cortex of each hemisphere contains several different functional areas of secondary visual cortex |
|
|
Term
Inferotemporal cortex
(8.2 Cortical Visual Areas) |
|
Definition
| The cortex of the inferior temporal lobes; the inferotemporal cortex of each hemisphere contains several different functional areas of secondary visual cortex, each of which plays a role in the visual recognition of objects |
|
|
Term
Posterior parietal cortex
(8.2 Cortical Visual Areas) |
|
Definition
| The area of association cortex in the posterior parietal lobe of each hemisphere; it receives input from visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems and plays a role in the perceptin of location and motion |
|
|
