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| Fought mainly by Roman Catholics against Muslims, though some campaigns were diverted to fight Greek Orthodox Christians in Byzantium. |
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| French for "rebirth," perfectly describes the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the 14th through the 16th centuries. |
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| Was the capital of the Byzantine Empire following its fall in 1453; key trading city sacked in 1453 |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Portuguese prince and patron of explorers. He helped his father, John I, capture the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415 and served as governor of Ceuta and later of the Portuguese province of Algarve. |
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| One of the most renowned royal couples in history, their primary achievement was not funding conquistadors to expand their empire overseas or uniting disparate kingdoms into what eventually became modern Spain. The couple believed their most important legacy was ridding Spain of the Muslims. |
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| (1447–1506) Convinced he could discover the shortest, and thus the most profitable, trade route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic ocean. |
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| He was an Italian explorer who had the distinction of recognizing the fact that the lands discovered by Columbus, was not Asia, but a separate continent. In 1503 or 1504, Amerigo published a pamphlet, in Latin, under the Latinized name of Albericus Vesputius, entitled Mundus Novus. |
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| Spanish conquistador who conquered Mexico |
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| Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire, and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of the Republic of Peru. |
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| A dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres (Old World and New World). It was one of the most significant events concerning ecology, agriculture, and culture in all of human history. Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas in 1492 launched the era of large-scale contact between the Old and the New Worlds that resulted in this ecological revolution |
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| The estimated 14,000 to 15,000 Native Americans who lived in the area around the Jamestown settlement in 1607, nearly 90 percent were wiped out within a century, mainly from a disease inadvertently brought by the colonists and to which the American Indians had never been exposed. |
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| Historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions |
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| The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were taken to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. |
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| Changed the course of Virginia’s development in 1610s. Production required large tracts of land and many workers. The company held title to tremendous amounts of land, but had few workers at their disposal. In Virginia, an indentured servant could be purchased for 1,000 pounds, while a slave might cost double or triple that amount. |
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| first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. |
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| Consisted of a worker, usually from a foreign country, agreeing to work for a specific time, usually about 7-8 years, to pay off his costs of travel to the new country. Pay would be minimal during those 7-8 years, and might only include housing, food and training. The worker might also receive land for himself at the end. Indentured servitude was most popular in the early Virginia colony in the 1600s, when many workers were needed to farm tobacco. Bacon’s Rebellion made unpopular |
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| In this year the first representative assembly in the New World convened in the Jamestown church; the General Assembly met in response to orders from the Virginia Company "to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia" which would provide "just laws for the happy guiding and governing of the people there inhabiting"; the other crucial event that would play a role in the development of America was the arrival of Africans to Jamestown; a Dutch slave trader exchanged his cargo of Africans for food |
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| Introduced in Virginia, gave each head of household the right to fifty acres of land for himself and fifty additional acres for each adult family member of servant that he brought to America. |
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| An uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony in North America, led by a 29-year-old planter, Nathaniel Bacon. |
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