-The basic belief of the Northern/Christian Renaissance

-Like earlier humanism, it calls for a return to antiquity but more specifically through Scripture

-Saw the Catholic Church as corrupt and having strayed from the religion, wanted to return to basic Scripture

-CALL FOR REFORM

-Believed humans had the ability to reason and improve themselves

-Saw power in education so that one could read the scripture and understand how they should be acting. Reading Scripture showed them the corruption of the Church

-Believed everything in the church that wasn't in antiquity/scripture was man-made and therefore false and corrupt

-The most influential Christian Humanist

-Formulated/popularized the reform program

-Believed Christianity should be a guiding philosophy not a system of dogmatic practices

-Inner piety is more important than external religion and religious practices

-Criticized the Cathlic Church and saw it as corrupt, but did not split from it like Luther because he didn't want to destroy Christian unity.  He believed the best means of fixing the Church would be from within it, not separated from it.  

-Expressed Erasmus' criticisms of Church corruption

-satirical of the church

-Accuses the Church/clergy of staying away from religion and frequenting other less religious/moral places

-Says the popes care more about fastidious detail than about the actual equality of the church

-says the clergy cares more about being distinguished than being like God, as they should be

-The Popes corruptly control their elections, it accuses

-Criticizes the atrocities of warrior pope julius II

-accuses the clergy of being illiterate, therefore suggesting that a christian life is one without learning which meant they couldn't understand the bible therefore how could they possibly know how to interpret or understand it

-The popes practiced neoptism through their papal authority by hiring their own family to religious positions

-one of the corrupt actions of the church

-"What must I do to be saved?

-Was German

-Studied the Bible/theology and concluded that humans couldn't do enough good works to achieve salvation, disagreed with this catholic belief.  Was never satsified with his good works, never felt that he deserved salvations, didn't think he was good enough solely based on good works.

-primary (protestant) doctrine: you are saved through faith in God, not good works.  Faith is justification, deserving salvation.  

-Openly confronted the Catholic Church in 1517 because of the controversy over indulgences, saying they were a road to hell.

-Denied papal authority and was called a heretic in 1519

-Wrote "address to the nobility of the German Nation" calling on German princes to overthrow the pope

-Was excommunicated from Church in 1521

-Was threatening Christian unity, christian humanists like Erasmus didn't agree so they split from him 

-"in faith alone"

-One of the two pillars of the Protestant Reformation

-Faith alone is what guarantees a person salvation, not good works or other things like indulgences. 

-"In Scripture alone"

-One of the two pillars of the Protestant Reformation

-Emphasized a need to return to Christian scriptures and base religion off of those, not the corrupt version the Catholic Church had created by straying from the basic scriptures.

-The word of God is sufficient authority, there need not be any other human authority

-> priesthood of all believers 

-The Catholic Church encouraged Christians to give the Church money in return for indulgences, pieces of paper that guaranteed their salvation

-Controversy over these were what cause Luther to so strongly go against the Catholic Church and ultimately split from it

-Dominican

-Hawked Indulgences in Germany with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"

-Written and issued by Luther following the indulgence controversy

-Nailed them to the Church in Wittenburg for the public to read

-An indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences

-Were translated, printed, and handed out to thousands of sympathetic Germans who had been frustrated wtih the Catholic Church for some time

-Somewhat marks the beginning of the reformation

-Were in response to John Tetzels abuses in selling indulgences

-A corrupt practice of the Catholic Church, especially within papal authority

-Popes would grant various people jobs, also using nepotism here, as long as they paid him back through election/re-election.

-It is buying your job 

-the church sold offices/positions in order to pay for Pope Leo X's projects such as building St. Peter's basilica

-One of three pamphlets in 1520 that demonstrated a more definite break from the Church by Luther

-written in latin for theologians

-attacked the sacramental system as the means by which the pope and church had hidden the real meaning of the Gospel for a thousand years.  

-Called for a reform of monasticism and for the clergy to marry saying marriage is better than virginity and freedom of choice is best.

-The other two documents:

1. Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, calling on the German princes to overthrow the pope and create a reformed German Church

2. On the Freedom of a Christian Man, explained that faith was the means by which one could be saved but that does not excuse a person from doing good works but rather he should do those good works out of gratitude to god

-Was originally Albrecht of Brandenburg, a priest, but then wanted to buy the archbishopric of Mainz, PLURALISM

-Borrows money from the fuggers to pay the church for this position

-With his new position he authorizes the selling of indulgences and with this money that he makes he continues to pay the church and pays back the fuggers.  He sells indulgences for 10 years

-he then authorizes Johann Tetzel to go around Germany selling indulgences too

-Luther was summoned after his excommunication to the imperial diet of the Holy Roman Epire, in worms, convened by Emperor Charles V.  

-They told him to recant his heretical doctrines, but Luther refused

-The edict made Luther an outlaw within the empire, his works were to be burned, and Luther was to be captured but Luther's prince, because he was close with nobility, put him into hiding for a year

-In 1524 peasant unrest due to a lack of economic improvement on their lives led to a large peasant revold that began in southwestern germany and spread quickly

-Luther created this pamphlet in response, calling on the German princes to "smite, slay and stab" the stupid and stubborn peasantry.  Luther's reformation depended very much on the support of German princes and magistrates so he supported them over the peasants.  He said it was the princes duties to put down the revolts

-In a year they suppressed the peasant hordes, making Luther all the more dependent on state authorities to maintain his reformed Church 

-Catholic Doctrine that says the substance of the bread and wine consumed in the rite is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of jesus.  

-Luther denied this, while keeping the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper.  He simply insisted on the real presence of Jesus' body and blood in the bread and wine given as a testament to God's forgiveness of sin. 

-LUTHER organized a reformed church in wittenburg

-emphasized evangelical sermons based on original scripture, and public debates.  these became the main means by which protestantism was spread because most people at the time were illiterate.

-used music to teach the gospel

-very much depended on the nobility to create his reformed church and therefore gained much of their support

-because he didn't believe in good works for salvation, he only kept the sacraments of baptism and the lord's supper

-word of god=authority, not the pope

-Reformation came at the RIGHT TIME, a time of particular religious obsession

-many people saw the corruption of the church as jeopardizing their souls, notice this b/c of christian humanism influence

-economic hardship, yet the popes were taking their money. luther offered an expense-free religion

-people wanted a deeper, more personal relationship with god because all of the artificial things of the RCC weren't good enough

-There was growth of Lay criticism, those who were not church officials criticized those who were.

-printing press spread luther's pamphlets

-indulgences, pluralism, nepotism, and simony were all thriving at the time. corrupt.

-there was political disunity at the time and tension between the emperor and the princes, while the princes supported luther.  Germany was split into a bunch of states that owed loyalty to the emperor but were still very independent.  

-Because of corruption, christian humanism, and lay criticism the RCC had lost prestige

-sola fide

-sola scriptura (learn and interpret the bible yourself)

-priesthood of all believers (there is no hierarchy, clergymen are not above laymen like in Catholocism, every believer is a priest, anyone can be a pastor, anyone can reach God directly

-Nobility are on luther's side

-christian renaissance

-charles V was distracted

=success.

-Emperor Charles V vs. Valois King of France Francis I

-were fought intermittently from 1521-1544 

-Charles' chief political concern

-a series of conflicts over disputed land

-distracted charles from the lutheran problem in germany

-1530

-Charles attempted to settle the Lutheran problem but failed

-Charles ordered that the Lutherans return to the catholic churc by April, 1531

-This led to the created of the Schmalkaldic League

A defensive alliance of Pretestant German states (8 princes, 11 imperial cities)

Religion was deviding the empire

-From the Swiss forest cantons 

-Strongly influenced by xian humanism

-Became a priest at the Great Minster of Zurich in 1518 and began the Reformation in Switzerland by preaching there

-Preached the gospel, caused unrest, but was granted the right to continue

-looked to the state to supervise the church

-removed relics, replaced mass with liturgy/sermons, removed music, abolished monasticism, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope's authority.  

-Zurich/Zwingli feared that the still catholic forest cantons would ally with the habsburgs, or that Charles V would take advantage of the division between reformers

-The colloquy was held in an attempt to allie the Swiss and German reformed churches and resolve their differences 

-held by protestant political leaders such as landgrave philip of hesse

-Agreed on everything but the interpretation of the lords supper

Zwingli believed that it should be taken symbolically, not literally.

Luther say that it was a real presence of Jesus' blood and body

-1529

-Produced no agreement or evangelical alliance

-rejected magisterial reformation, far more radical reform movement

-attractive to the peasants who had been adversely affected by the economic changes of the age.  

-people from different groups with common ideas

-thought that the true christian church was a voluntary association of believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and were then baptized into the church as adults usually.  

-Believed nobody should be forced to accept the bible.  

-returned literally to the ancient scriptures

-All believers were considered equal

-lord's supper=rememberence

-complete separation of church and state "human law has no jurisdiction over those who are saved"

-Rejuvenated Dutch anabaptism, bring it back to its pacifist tendencies following more extreme elements

-stressed peaceful, evangelical baptism, 

-said you have to be separated from the world in order to truly emulate the life of jesus

-imposed strict discipline onhis followers and banned those who refused to conform to the rules

-followers=mennonites

-mennonites/amish are descendents of the anabapists

-First wife of Henry VIII

-aunt of emperor charles V

-had Mary, later the Queen Mary

-Henry VIII divorced her after getting Anne Boleyn pregnant

-archbishop of canterbury

-advised the king to obtain an annulment of his marriage in england's ecclesiastical courts

-Henry had initially asked cardinal wolsey to get the annullment from the pope but was fired after he failed to do so

-Cranmer ruled that the King's marriage to Catherine was "null and absolutely void", and then validated Henry's marriage to Anne which had already happened in secret so she wouldn't have a bastard child.

-This was all possible because of a piece of legislation that abolished papal authority in england, essentially.  

-1534

-Parliament completed the break of the Church of England with Rome

-it declared that the king was the only supreme head of the church of england, splitting from the catholic church

-The treason act made it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supreme head of the church

-Challenged the new order following the act of supremacy

-was a humanist who saw that loyalty to the pope in rome was now treason in england

-would not accept the victory of national state overthe church and would not regard a secular ruler as a ruler of his church

-was beheaded in 1535

-The aspects of Catholocism that Henry VIII kept in the Anglican Church

1. The Lord's Supper: transubstantiation

2. Communion is unnecessary in both kinds 

3. Priests may not marry

4. Vows of chasitity are for both sexes

5. Private masses are allowable

6. Auricular confession is necessary

-Succeeded Henry VIII, was son of him and Jane Seymour

-Because he was so young and sickly, real reign was given to a council of regency

-cranmer and other protestants moved the church of england in a more protestant direction getting rid of relics, the ban of marriage for priests, and the creation of the book of common prayer

-Followed Edward VI and the protestant changes of the church of england

-Was very catholic, being daught of catherine of aragon, spain, and fully intended to restore england to the roman catholic fold.  

-married Philip II of Spain and tried to ally with them, lots of opposition in england

-burned hundreds of protestant heretics

-failed; the country was even more protestant than when she began because they opposed her and her death was the end of catholic restoration in england

-Systematic theologian and organizer of the protestant movement second generation

-French

-influenced by luther

-converted from catholocism to protestantism with newfound conviction

-left france and published "institutes of the Christian religion"

-believed in sola fide

-also placed much emphasis on the sovereignty of god and his grace

-Brought the religion back to scripture very emphatically

-Believed in the total depravity of man; we have no power over our salvation because it has already been decided

-evangelical calvinists spread the religion believing it was their job, in gratitude to God, to change those who don't agree with them and if they refuse then they should die.

-French Calvinists=hugonaughts

-T-total depravity of man

-U-Unconditional election

-L-Limited Atonement

-I-Irrisistible Grace

-P-Preservation of the Saints

-Of those who go to Church, some will be saved but not all

-this is determined by god before we are born

-we have no say in it, nor do we know whether or now we have been saved but there are "signs"

An open profession of faith

a decent and godly life, being good at your job/duty; an inner strive toward doing

good things

participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion

-only god knows who is saved and why, he is all-knowing and who is naturally good or bad

-those saved=elect; those damned=reprobate

-kept communion and lords supper, believing that the bread and wine is the real presence of jesus in a spiritual sense. 

-we are saved by god's grace

-justification by faith/calling (doing well at your job, protestant work ethic)

-the failure/infamy of all men leads us to look up so as to attain the knowledge of god; god has bestowed his word upon those who look up for it

-Covenant of life= man is inherently evil but some can be saved if they are elected

-Calvin took up a ministry in Geneva

-Geneva became a vibrant center for protestantism

-Calvin basicaslly creates a theocracy here, a religious society where laws and rules of the church govern daily conduct

-When Calvin created a religious society in geneva, the city council accepted his new church constitution, the ecclesiastical ordinances. 

-created a church government that used both clergy and laymen in the service of the church.

-consistory, a special body for enforcing moral discipline, was set up as a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of genevans.   

-Published by Calvin in 1536

-expression of his protestant thoughts that established his reputation as a new protestant leader

-1555

-End of religious warfare in germany, ending the habsburg-valois wars/schmalkaldic wars

-marked the point where division of christianity was formally acknowledged and lutheranism was granted equal legal standing with catholicism

-granted each German ruler the right to determine his own people's religion

-End of Christian unity/a united empire like Charles V wanted

-In 1531 Eight princes and 11 imperial cities, all lutheran and german, formed a defensive alliance against the intentions of Charles V

-These protestant german states vowed to assist each other whenever attacked on accound of the word of god

-religion had begun to divide the empire

-The Shmalkaldic Wars were from 1546-1547 and after an initial blow by Charles, the league allied itself with French King Henry II, a catholic, and forced charles to negotiate a truce.  

-the mid-sixteenth century brought a revived, reformed papacy for the catholic church.

-Revived medieval catholicism, adjusting them to meet modern conditions

+New mysticism/monasticism, tied to the traditions of catholic piety, were visions that resulted in the exstatic union of one's soul with God (Saint teresa of Avila)

+Regeneration of religious orders; benedictines and dominicans were reformed.  Capuchins emerged and focused on preaching the gospel directly to the people

+new orders and brotherhoods such as the theatines were formed.  theatines placed emphasis on reforming the secular clergy and encouraging those clerics to fulfill their duties among the laity.  

+created the Society of Jesus, Jesuits, 

-Founded the Society of Jesus/jesuits

-had spiritual issues like luther but didn't create a new doctrine, he just submitted his will to the will of the church.  He vowed to be a soldier of God.  

-The Spiritual Exercises expressed his spiritual program

-Papal Bull in 1540 established his followers as the society of jesus

-grounded on the principals of bsolute obedience to the papacy, a strict hierarchical order for the society, the use of education to achieve its goals, and a dedication to engage in "conflict for God".  

-Jesuits established highly disciplined schools, propagated the Catholic faith among non-Christians, and carried the catholic banner trying to fight protestantism

-His pontificate was a turning point in the reform of the papacy.

-He expressed the need for change in the papacy

-appointed a reform commission to study the corruptness of the church. he blamed it on the corrupt policies of popes and cardinals.

-formally recognized the jesuits 

-summoned the council of trent

-established the Roman Inquisition or Holy Office in 1542 to ferret out doctrinal errors.  No comprimise

-1542 Pope Paul III called for a general council of Christendom to resolve the religious differences created by the protestant reformation.

-It actually took place in 1545 and annual meetings did not occur regularly

-There were three major sessions

-Moderate Catholic reformers wanted comprimises that would create doctrinal definitions that would encourage Protestants to return to the church

-Conservatives wanted an uncompromising restatement of catholic doctrines in strict opposition to protestant positions. They won.

-Final doctrines of the council of trent reaffirmed traditional catholic teachings and opposed protestant beliefs.  

-Following the council, the catholic church had a clear doctrine and a unified church under the supremacy of the popes.  It had an organized framework and doctrinal pattern that would not be significantly altered for years, like many other reilgions of the time. 

-New phase for catholocism. 

-German Theologian

-turned against luther with anti-lutheran writings

-supported anabaptists

-helped lead the peasants war

-a title granted by pope leo X to king henry VIII

-opposition to protestant reformation

-was revoked by Paul III when Henry started the English Reformation and Henry was excommunicated