Term
| Trace the course of (list the steps in) Louis Napoleon’s rise from president of the (2nd) French Republic in 1848 to Napoleon III. How did he achieve this? |
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Definition
| After the National Assembly rejected his wish to revise the constitution and be allowed to stand for reelection, Louis used troops to seize control of the government on December 1, 1851. After restoring universal male suffrage, Louis asked the French people to restructure the gov’t by electing him president for 10 years. (he won by an overwhelming majority) A year later he asked for the restoration of the empire, 97 percent responded affirmatively and Louis Napoleon assumed the title of Napoleon III. The second empire had begun. |
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Term
| What were his powers as Napoleon III? |
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Definition
Controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service. Only he could introduce legislation and declare war.
Clearly authoritarian in a Bonapartist sense. |
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Term
| Jot list Napoleon III’s early domestic policies: |
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Definition
| encouraged industrial growth, gov’t subsidies were used to foster the construction of railroads, harbors, roads, and canals. Napoleon provided hospitals and free medicine for the workers and advocated better housing for the working class. Napoleon also undertook a vast reconstruction of the city of Paris. Medieval Paris was destroyed and modern Paris replaced it. The new Paris served a military as well as aesthetic purpose- broader roads to march through. |
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| In what ways did Napoleon III liberalize his empire in the 1860s? |
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Definition
| Napoleon III liberalized his regime. He reached out to the working class by legalizing trade unions and granting them the right to strike. He also began liberalizing the political process. In the 1860’s, opposition candidates were allowed greater freedom to campaign. Napoleon’s liberalization policies did serve initially to strengthen the hand of the government. |
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| the director or coordinator of making Paris more modern and army suited. |
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Term
| Archduke Maximilian of Austria: |
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Definition
| the new emperor of Mexico installed by Napoleon III. When French troops were needed in Europe Max became an emperor with no army and was executed by liberal Mexican forces. |
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Term
| What was the Eastern Question? |
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Definition
| Who would be the chief beneficiaries of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire? |
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Term
| What was the trigger to the Crimean War in 1853? |
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Definition
| When the Russians demanded the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine, a privilege that had already been extended to the French. |
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Term
| Why did Britain get involved? |
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Definition
Concern over the prospect of an upset in the balance of power
British feared that an aggressive Russia would try to profit from the obvious weakness of the Ottoman |
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Term
| Why did France get involved? |
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Definition
| Napoleon III felt that Russia had insulted France. |
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Term
| What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris? |
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Definition
| Russia was forced to give up Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube and accept the neutrality of the Black Sea. In addition, the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were placed under the protection of all five great powers. |
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Definition
| Nurse. Her insistence on strict sanitary conditions saved many lives and helped make nursing a profession of trained, middle class women. |
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| a British journalist who wrote about Nightingale. |
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Term
| Jot list the significant consequences of the Crimean War: |
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Definition
| Broke up long standing European power relationships and effectively destroyed the Concert of Europe. The two chief powers, Austria and Russia, now were enemies because of Austria’s unwillingness to help them in the war. |
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Definition
| After the failure of the revolution a growing number of advocates for the Italian unification focused on the northern Italian state of Piedmont as their best hope to achieve their goal. The royal house of Savoy ruled Piedmont. Piedmont would assume the leading role in the cause of national unity. |
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Definition
| The new king of Sardinia Piedmont. Wants a liberal constitutional monarchy. A harmless monarch. Recognizes that Cavour is smart and goes along with him. |
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Term
| Count Camillo di Cavour – trace the course of his leadership |
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Definition
| Prime Minster in 1852 of Sardinia Piedmont<<<- pursued a policy of economic expansion, encouraging building of roads, canals, and railroads. Made an agreement with Nap III to ally with Piedmont to drive the Austrians out of Italy. A liberal aristocrat. Known as the Brain of Unification. |
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Term
| Terms of Cavour’s agreement with Napoleon III |
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Definition
| France would receive Nice and Savoy. Piedmont would be extended into the kingdom of upper Italy. Also, a kingdom of central Italy would be created for Nap III’s cousin, Prince Napoleon, who would be married to the younger daughter of King Victor Emmanuel. |
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Definition
| the two battles in the summer of 1859. Austrian and French armies met to do battle in defense of Sardinia Piedmont (just a trick to draw Austria in) S.P. and French win both. There was so much blood in the town of Magenta that it became a color and the Red Cross came out of Solferino. |
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| treaty between France and Austria after war when Nap III pulled out of war. |
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Term
| Contributions of Garibaldi |
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Definition
| an important figure in the cause of unification. A determined Italian patriot. Led the Red Shirts. The most famous military genius. Known as “The Sword of Unification. Nationalist. |
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Definition
| a German customs union in 1834. by eliminating tolls on rivers and roads among member states, they’d stimulated trade and added to the prosperity of it’s member states. By 1853, all the German states except Austria had joined the Prussian-dominated customs union. A number of middle-class liberals now began to see Prussia in a new light; some even looked openly to Prussia to bring about the unification of Germany. |
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Term
| King William I of Prussia & his military plans |
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Definition
| succeeded his brother. Had definite ideas about the Prussian army because of his own military training. He and his advisors believed that the army was in dire need of change if Prussia was to remain a great power. The king planned to double the size of the army and institute three years of compulsory military service for all young men. |
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Definition
| The new Prime Minister administered by William I. He was regarded even by the kings as too conservative and ultimately came to determine the course of modern German history. Until 1980, he dominated both German and European Politics. Was born in to the Junker class. Was a consummate politician and opportunist. |
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Definition
| Bismarck was a practitioner of this. |
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Term
| The Danish War (over Schleswig & Holstein): |
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Definition
| this arose over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. In 1863, contrary to international treaty, the Danish Government moved to incorporate the two duchies into Denmark. German nationalists were outraged since both duchies had large German population and were regarded as German states. |
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Definition
| The Prussian gun that had a much faster rate of fire than Austrian muzzle loader, and a superior network of railroads enabled the Prussians to mass troops quickly. |
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Definition
| The Prussian gun that had a much faster rate of fire than Austrian muzzle loader, and a superior network of railroads enabled the Prussians to mass troops quickly. |
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Definition
| on July 3rd the Austrian army was decisively defeated here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bismarck asked the Prussian parliament to pass this bill that retroactively legalized the taxes he had collected illegally since 1862. Even most of the liberals had signed the bill because they had been won over by Bismarck’s successful use of military power. |
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Term
| North German Confederation: |
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Definition
| each German state kept its own local government, but the King of Prussia was head of the confederation, and the chancellor (Bismarck) was responsible directly to the king. Both the army and foreign policy remained in the hands of the king and the chancellor. |
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Definition
| offset by a telegram that Bismarck made sound more insulting then it actually was to the French. The French became angry and declared war. The French were no match for the Prussians. |
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Definition
| here on September 2nd 1870, an entire French army and Napoleon III himself was captured |
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Term
| Terms of Peace (Frankfurt) Treaty: |
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Definition
| this official peace treaty was signed in May. France had to pay an indemnity of 5 billion francs and give up all provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state, a loss that angered the French and left them burning for revenge. |
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Term
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Definition
| politics of reality - was term first used to discuss modus operandi (style of doing things) of Otto von Bismarck - as in the "politics of reality." He did what it took to get his goals realized. Didn't think "unification of Germany" would happen through long-winded speeches in democratic parliaments - oh no - he thought it would take "blood and iron" - and then went about showing how! And how! |
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Definition
| aka 7 weeks war ... as in that's how long it took for Bismarck (and von Moltke) to destroy Austria as an opponent to German unification. Occurred in 1866 - and not only knocked out Austria, but also allowed Bismarck to overcome most north German states (who had backed Austria) and to force them into the North German Confederation. |
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Definition
| sent by William I to Bismarck in 1870 to let him know that French Foreign Minister had again asked for reinsurances that Germany not interested in taking over Spain's monarchy. Bismarck "edited" telegram/dispatch to indicate that Kaiser had been "rude" to French Foreign Minister. Bismarck then "leaked" telegram to press - and ultimately France (Nap III) declared war on Prussia & N. German Confederation. This led to Franco Prussian War of 1870 - which France LOST! |
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Term
| From where was Second German Empire declared? |
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Definition
| German Empire declared from Hall of Mirrors in Palace of Versailles. |
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Term
| Significance of Prussia’s leadership of German unification? |
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Definition
| Prussia's l/ship (& Bismarck's) meant that it was done with the end result of Autocracy, Militarism, & Authoritarianism in the German Empire that was the result of all this effort. |
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