Term
| (T/F) The abdominopelvic cavity is the larger of the two main body cavities |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the upper and lower borders of this cavity? |
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Definition
Upper: diaphragm
Lower: Pelvic diaphragm |
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Term
| What muscle composes the pelvic diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What composes the abdominal wall? |
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Definition
| Lumbar vert and their associated muscles; skin, deep fascia and fascial coverings also play a role |
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Term
| List the layers of the abdominal wall, from outermost to innermost |
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Definition
1. Skin
2. Subcutaneous fat (Camper's fascia)
3. Deep fascia (Scarpa's fascia)
4. Muscle (3 layers)
5. Extraperitoneal fat
6. Parietal peritonium |
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Term
| (T/F) There are 3 sets of lateral muscles in the abdominal coverings |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the muscles of the abdominal wall. Which are longitudinal? Which are posterior? |
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Definition
1. External oblique
2. Inernal oblique
3. Rectus abdominus (Longitudinal)
4. Transverse abdominus
5. Iliopsoas (post.)
6. Quadratus laborum (post.) |
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Term
| What muscle forms the outer layer? In what direction do its fibers run? |
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Definition
| External oblique; same direction as external intercostals |
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Term
| What muscle comprises the middle layer? In what direction to its fibers run? |
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Definition
| Internal oblique; upper fibers are perpendicular to the external muscles, middle fibers are horizontal, and lower fibers are parallel to external muscles |
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Term
| What is the origin of the external obliques? Insertion? |
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Definition
O: Upper ribs
I: rectus sheath (upper fibers) and inguinal crest (lower fibers) |
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Term
| What is the origin of the internal obliques? Insertion? |
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Definition
O: Iliac crest
I: lower four ribs (posterior(?) fibers), rectus sheath (middle fibers), inguinal ligament (lower fibers) |
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Term
| (T/F) The lower fibers of the internal obliques does not contribute to formation of the cremaster muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) the inguinal ligament has contributions from both the internal and external obliques |
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Definition
| True - external helps form, internal obliques insert onto it |
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Term
| What structure is the cremaster a part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two muscles are the posterior muscles of the abdominal wall? In what direction do they run in? |
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Definition
1. Iliopsoas
2. Quadratus lumborum
- Both run vertically |
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Term
| Where does the iliopsoas insert? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin of the quadratus lumborum? Insertion? Innervation? |
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Definition
O: Lower part of 12th rib/transverse processes of lumbar vert
I: Posterior iliac crest
I: L1-4 |
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Term
| What is the origin of the transversus abdominus? Insertion? |
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Definition
O: Iliac crest, lower 6 costal cartilages, lumbar vert
I: Rectus sheath |
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Term
| What is the structure that allows the transversus abdominus to originateat the lumber vertebrae? |
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Definition
| The lumbar fascia (through its aponeurosis) |
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Term
| (T/F) Each rectus abdominus muscle extends the entire length of the anterior abdominal wall |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure separates the two recti? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the attachments of the RA |
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Definition
- Above: to the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
- Below: Pubic symphisis and pubic crest |
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Term
| What is the Linea Semilunaris? |
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Definition
| The lateral, curved margin of the RA |
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Term
| How many sections is each RA divided into? What structures section this muscle? |
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Definition
| 4 sections; tendinous intersections (3x) make the segments |
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Term
| (T/F) The abdominal muscles are enclosed by the aponeurosis of other abdominal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of this aponeurosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) The makeup of the rectus sheath is consistent throughout the structure |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a typical cross section of the rectus sheath |
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Definition
Behind: apo of transversus abdominus
In front: apo of exeternal obliques
- Apo of internal obliques splits, half in front and half behind
- Linea alba is fusion of these aponeuroses |
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Term
| What is the level of the umbilicus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerves function to innervate the abdominal muscles? |
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Definition
| Innervated segmentaly by the lower thoracic nerves, and L1 |
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Term
| What abdominal muscle causes flexion of the abdomen? Rotation/adduction/abduction? |
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Definition
- RA = flex
- Lateral muscles = twist |
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Term
| What structures does the inguinal ligament run from and to? |
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Definition
| - Anterior superior iliac spine - Pubic tubercle |
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Term
| What comprises this ligament? |
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Definition
| CT fibers derived from the lateral abdominal muscles |
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Term
| (T/F) The inguinal ligament dilineates the boundary between the abdomen and the thigh |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
| The structure in the ligament that allows several structures to pass under it and enter the thigh |
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Term
| Describe the inguinal canal. What structures does it connect? |
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Definition
| Tube like structure connecting the abdominal cavity with the scrotum, formed by tissues of the lateral obliques |
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Term
| What is an indirect inguinal hernia? Why can this happen? |
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Definition
| When the abdominal contents enter the scrotum; because the inguinal canal is a potential weakness |
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Term
| How many openings does the inquinal canal have? What are they called? |
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Definition
1. Deep inquinal ring (deep opening)
2. Superficial inguinal ring (scrotal opening) |
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Term
| (T/F) The deep ring is formed by a hiatus in the external obliques |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the superficial ring located? The deep ring? |
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Definition
Superficial: Just above the pubic tubercle
Deep: Several cm's lateral and superior |
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Term
| What structures pass through the inguinal canal in males? |
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Definition
- Spermatic cord
- Vas deferens
- Testicular vasculature
- Cremaster muscle (fully developed) from internal obliques |
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Term
| What structures pass through the inguinal canal in females? |
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Definition
- Round ligament of uterus
- Cremaster muscle (incomplete) from internal obliques |
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Term
| Where does innervation to the superior body wall come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| T10 and T12 are both important landmarks associated with specific structures; what structure is each associated with? |
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Definition
T10: Umbilicus
T12: Pubic symphysis |
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Term
| What supplies the nerves to the inferior abdominal wall, inguinal region and lower limbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the roots of the lumbar plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 nerves does the plexus give rise to? |
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Definition
1. Iliohypogastric
2. Ilioinguinal
3. Genitofemoral |
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Term
| What fibres join to form the iliohypogastric? The ilioinguinal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal? |
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Definition
| Supply the inferior abdominal wall |
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Term
| What is the function of the genitofemoral nerve? |
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Definition
Motor: cremaster muscle
Sensory: inside of thigh |
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Term
| What structures comprise the foregut? |
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Definition
| Proximal part of intestinal tract: esophagus, stomach, first part of duodenum |
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Term
| What structures comprise the midgut? |
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Definition
| Begins with second half of duodenum; includes jejunum, ileum, 2/3's of the colon |
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Term
| What structures comprise the hindgut? |
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Definition
| Distal 1/3 of colon, rectum |
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Term
| What 4 nerves provide the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera? |
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Definition
1. Greater splanchnic (thoracic splan)
2. Lesser splanchnic (thoracic splan)
3. Least splanchnic (thoracic splan)
4. Lumbar splanchnic |
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Term
| Where does the greater splanchnic arise? What does it supply? Describe the path of its nerves |
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Definition
| T5-9; the foregut; pregang - celiac gaglia - postgang fibers along celiac trunk |
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Term
| Where does the lesser splanchnic arise? What does it supply? Describe the path of its nerves |
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Definition
| T10-11; the midgut; Pregang - Superior mesenteric ganglia - postgang follows superior mesenteric artery |
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Term
| Where does the lumbar splanchnic arise? What does it supply? Describe the path of its nerves |
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Definition
| Lumbar vert; the hindgut; pregang - inferior mesenteric gang - postgang follows inferior mesenteric |
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Term
| What does the least splanchnic nerve service? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does sympathetic stimulation of the pelvis generally arise? How does it generally reach the pelvis? |
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Definition
| T10-L2; lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnics -> preaortic plexi -> inferior hypogastric plexus |
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Term
| (T/F) Some pelvic innervation travels down the trunk and leaves |
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Definition
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Term
| Via what nerve does this innervation leave? |
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Definition
| Via the sacral splanchnics |
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Term
| What nerve provides PNS to foregut and midgut? Hindgut? |
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Definition
| CN X; Pelvic splanchnic nerve |
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Term
| What are the origins of the pelvic splanchnic nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the route of the pelvic splanchnic to its targets |
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Definition
| Originates in S2-4, travels to inferior hypogastric, then up the upper hypogastric nerves to the superior hypogastric, then to targets in hindgut |
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Term
| (T/F) The ANS is the only nervous system to have plexi within the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
| False, the ENS has plexi as well. |
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Term
| What are the enteric plexi? What is their function? |
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Definition
| Network of ANS axons and small parasympathetic ganglia in the wall of the digestive tract; control digestion |
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Term
| (T/F) The ENS has equal amounts of sympathetic and parasymp neurons |
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Definition
| False, the ENS is mostly PNS neurons |
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Term
| How many plexi are there in the ENS? Name them |
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Definition
1. Myenteric (Aurbach's) plexus
2. Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus |
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Term
| Where is the myenteric plexus found? The submucosal? |
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Definition
Myenteric: between the two layers of the GI tract
Submucosal: in the submucosa |
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Term
| (T/F) These two plexi are completely independent |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target of the myenteric plexus? The submucosal? |
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Definition
Myenteric: Muscular outer layers of the gut wall - controls peristalsis
Submucosal: Glands in the epithelium |
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Term
| How do the sympathetic nerve fibers reach the ENS? |
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Definition
| Pregangs synapse in the 3 ganglia (celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric), and travel with the associated arteries to the gut wall |
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Term
| Where does GI PNS innervation originate? Where does it synapse? |
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Definition
| Vagus and pelic splanchnics; synapse within the GI |
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Term
| What does sympathetic innervation of the GI tract accomplish? Parasympathetic? |
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Definition
| Inhibits peristalsis and stimulates sphincter contraction; the opposite |
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Term
| List the plexi found in each region of the body |
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Definition
Head/neck: carotid plexuses
Thorax: cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
Abdomen: celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric, renal (aka the preaortic plexi) - preganglionic fibers
Pelvis: Superior and inferior hypogstric |
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Term
| What structures are found within the pelvis? |
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Definition
1. Scrotum
2. Testes
3. Vas Deferens |
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Term
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Definition
| A sac, comprised of skin and fascia, containing the male reproductive glands and associated ducts |
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Term
| What 3 reproductive structures are found within the scrotum? |
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Definition
1. Testes (and associated ducts)
2. Epididymis
3. Spermatic cord |
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Term
| Where is the skin/fascia comprising the scrotum derived from? |
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Definition
| The anterior abdominal wall |
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Term
| What is the dartos? Where is it found? |
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Definition
| The smooth muscle responsible for the wrinkled nature of the scrotum; found in the superficial fascia |
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Term
| What structure is the deep/spermatic fascia derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tunica vaginalis? What structure is it derived from? |
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Definition
| A serious sac that encloses the testes; pinched off from the abdominal peritoneum |
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Term
| What is the pampiniform plexus? |
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Definition
| The complex venous drainage system for the testes |
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Term
| Name the layers of the scrotum, from superficial to deep |
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Definition
1. Skin
2. Dartos
3. External spermatic fascia
4. Cremaster/cremasteric fascia
5. Internal spermatic fascia
6. Tunica vaginalis
7. Tunica albuginea |
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Term
| (T/F) The testes are paired |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tunica albuginea? What structure is the tunica albuginea covered by? |
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Definition
| The thick capsule covering the testes; the tunica vaginalis |
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Term
| What structure in the testes produces sperm cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the efferent ducts of the testes? |
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Definition
| To move sperm cells from the semeniferous tubules to the epidiymis |
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Term
| What is the point where seminiferous tubules come together, before the efferent ducts, called? |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) The epidiymis is located in the anterior portion of the testes |
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Definition
| False, in the posterior portion |
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Term
| What are the two functions of the epididymis? |
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Definition
1. Sperm storage/transport
2. Potentiating function for ejaculation |
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Term
| How long is the epididymis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure after the epididymis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the vas deferens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the vas deferens? |
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Definition
| Connects the epididymis with the ejaculatory duct |
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|
Term
| Where is the ejaculatory duct located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the route of the VD, from epididymis to prostate |
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Definition
| Leaves the epididymis, ascends the spermatic cord, passes through the inguinal canal. Then crosses the pelvic brim, and runs medially to find the prostate |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin serous membran (similar to pleura/pericardium) that surrounds the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity, and lines the insides of the walls |
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Term
| What are the 2 different types of peritoneum? |
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Definition
1. Visceral peritoneum
2. Parietal peritoneum |
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Term
| What is the function of the peritoneum? |
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Definition
1. Connects intestines to posterior abdominal wall
2. Compartmentalizes the abdominopelvic cavity |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the visceral peritoneum? |
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Definition
| Covers the surface of the GI tract, liver, and spleen |
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|
Term
| What are the functions of the parietal peritoneum? |
|
Definition
- Lines abdominal and pelvic cavities
- Covers underside if diaphragm
- Connects viscera to posterior abdominal wall |
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|
Term
| What is the parietal peritoneum that connects the viscera to the abdominal cavity called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Double layer of peritoneum that joins the peritoneal layers |
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Term
| Aside from providing attachment, why else is the mesentary so important for the GI tract? |
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Definition
| It houses the nerves/vessels going to/from the GI tract |
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Term
| What is an omentum? How many are there in the abdominal cavity? |
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Definition
- Omentum means apron: coverings of GI organs
1. Greater omentum
2. Lesser omentum |
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Term
| What are the attachments of the greater omentum? What is its function? |
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Definition
| Greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon; covers the abdominal contents from the front |
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Term
|
Definition
| Several layers of peritoneum |
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|
Term
| What are the attachments of the lesser omentum? What is its function? |
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Definition
| Connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach |
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|
Term
| What are the two cavities of the abdomen called? Which is the main cavity? |
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Definition
1. Greater sac (main)
2. Lesser sac |
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Term
| (T/F) If a part of an organ has a mesentary, it is always within the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an interperitoneal organ? |
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Definition
| An organ that is suspended by mesentary, and thus, is surrounded by peritoneum |
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|
Term
| What is a retroperitoneal organ? |
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Definition
| An organ that does not have a mesentary, and this resides behind the dorsal parietal peritoneum (anterior face still covered) |
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|
Term
| List the retroperitoneal organs |
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Definition
1. Pancreas
2. Ureters/bladder
3. Ascending/descending colon
4. Reproductive system
5. Kidneys/suprarenal glands
6. Distal duodenum
7. Rectum
8. Major blood vessels |
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