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| an international conference (1814–15) held at Vienna after Napoleon's banishment to Elba, with Metternich as the dominant figure, aimed at territorial resettlement and restoration to power of the crowned heads of Europe. |
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| He was a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna, and is considered both a paradigm of foreign-policy management and a major figure in the development of diplomatic praxis. |
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| a distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others. |
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| the state or quality of being legitimate. |
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| the disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change. |
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| a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. |
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| the holly alliance, also termed the slavic allaince, was between Russia, austria, and Prussia. it was startted in 1815 after the fall of napoleon. the negotiator of the league was russia. the reason of its creation was to purify europe and destroy a former alliance including france,spain, and britain. |
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| The Concert of Europe, also known as the "Congress System," was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 until the early 20th century. Its founding members were the UK, Austria, Russia and Prussia, the members of the Quadruple Alliance responsible for the downfall of Napoleon I; in time France became established as a fifth member of the "club". |
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| In the colonial caste system of Spanish America, a peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in the New World, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas (known as criollos). The word "peninsular" makes reference to the Iberian Peninsula where Spain is located. |
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| Someone born in Spain but lives in the spanish colonies |
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| the offspring of one white parent and one black parent: not in technical use. |
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| a person of racially mixed ancestry, esp., in Latin America, of mixed American Indian and European, usually Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry, or, in the Philippines, of mixed native and foreign ancestry. |
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| Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. |
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| South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru |
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| Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the priest known as the "father of Mexican independence" |
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| a sovereign state inhabited by a relatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality. |
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| pertaining to the Balkan Peninsula. |
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| Czar of Russia (1825-1855) who suppressed the Decembrist movement and led Russia into the Crimean War |
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| a war between Great Britain, France, Turkey, and Sardinia on one side, and Russia on the other, fought chiefly in the Crimea 1853–56. |
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| Czar of Russia (1855-1881) who emancipated the serfs in 1861. |
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| To make Russian in character or quality. |
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| was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. |
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| Italian general and nationalist who led 1,000 volunteers in the capture of Sicily and Naples (1860). His conquest led to the formation of the kingdom of Italy |
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| German statesman: first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871–90. |
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| A usually expansionist national policy having as its sole principle advancement of the national interest. |
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| two contiguous duchies of Denmark that were a center of international tension in the 19th century: Prussia annexed Schleswig 1864 and Holstein 1866. |
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| the war (1866) in which Prussia, Italy, and some minor German states opposed Austria, Saxony, Hanover, and the states of southern Germany. |
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| a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany. |
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| An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. |
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| treatment of forms, colors, space, etc., in such a manner as to emphasize their correspondence to actuality or to ordinary visual experience. |
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| a style of painting developed in the last third of the 19th century, characterized chiefly by short brush strokes of bright colors in immediate juxtaposition to represent the effect of light on objects. |
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| the totality of the changes in economic and social organization that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. |
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| to introduce industry into (an area) on a large scale. |
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| a class of people intermediate between the classes of higher and lower social rank or standing; the social, economic, cultural class, having approximately average status, income, education, tastes, and the like. |
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| a member of any of various bands of workers in England (1811–16) organized to destroy manufacturing machinery, under the belief that its use diminished employment. |
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| Valley of the Ruhr River, in west-central Germany; Germany's principal industrial region. |
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| the theory or system of government that upholds the autonomous character of the economic order, believing that government should intervene as little as possible in the direction of economic affairs. |
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| British economist whose major work, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817), supported the laws of supply and demand in a free market. |
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| A British economist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, especially concerned with overpopulation. |
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| is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. The most influential contributors to this ideology were Jeremy Bentham |
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| a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. |
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| German economist, philosopher, and socialist. |
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| German socialist in England: collaborated with Karl Marx in systematizing Marxism. |
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| a pamphlet (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: first statement of the principles of modern communism. |
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| a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. |
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| the class of wage earners, esp. those who earn their living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class. |
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| a number of persons, states, etc., joined or associated together for some common purpose: student union; credit union. |
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| the right to vote, esp. in a political election. |
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The "People's Charter," drafted in 1838 by William Lovett, was at the heart of a radical campaign for parliamentary reform of the inequities remaining after the Reform Act of 1832. The Chartists' six main demands were:
votes for all men;
equal electoral districts;
abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners;
payment for M.P.s;
annual general elections; and
the secret ballot. |
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| discrimination against or prejudice or hostility toward Jews. |
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| A scandal in France at the end of the nineteenth century involving a Jewish army officer, Alfred Dreyfus. Dreyfus was falsely convicted of betraying French military secrets and was sentenced to life imprisonment. |
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| a worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel. |
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| Irish Republican Army (IRA) |
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| an underground Irish nationalist organization founded to work for Irish independence from Great Britain: declared illegal by the Irish government in 1936, but continues activity aimed at the unification of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland |
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| self-government in local matters by a city, province, state, colony, or the like. |
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