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| the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. |
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| British naturalist who revolutionized the study of biology with his theory of evolution based on natural selection. His most famous works include Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871). |
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| an early single-barreled, water-cooled machine gun cocked by the force of its own recoil. |
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| A Dutch colonist or descendant of a Dutch colonist in South Africa. |
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| The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group |
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| any area in which one nation wields dominant power over another or others. |
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| British writer whose major works, including the short story "The Man Who Would Be King" (1889), a collection of children's stories, The Jungle Book (1894), and the novel Kim (1901), are set in British-occupied India. He won the 1907 Nobel Prize for literature. |
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| The Great Game is a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. |
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| native soldier, usually an infantryman, in the service of Europeans, esp. of the British. |
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| a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India (1857–59), resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown. |
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| is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885 the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian Independence Movement, with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants in its struggle against British rule in India. |
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| Scottish missionary and African explorer. He discovered the Zambezi River (1851) and Victoria Falls (1855). Henry M. Stanley found him in Tanzania (1871), and together they attempted to find the source of the Nile. |
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| a 19th-century theory, inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated. |
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| regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. |
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| A war fought from 1899 to 1902 between an alliance of the Boer governments of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State on the one hand and Great Britain on the other, over the sovereignty and commercial rights in these lands. The war ended with British victory. |
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| a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation. |
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| Economic imperialism is the term used to describe the application of economics to the so called non-economic aspects of life such as crime, marriage and war |
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| Edmund Dene Morel, was a British journalist, author and socialist politician. In collaboration with Roger Casement, the Congo Reform Association and others, Morel, in newspapers such as his West African Mail, led a campaign against slavery in the Congo Free State. He played a significant role in the British pacifist movement during the First World War, participating in the foundation and becoming secretary of the Union of Democratic Control, at which point he broke with the Liberal Party. After the war he joined the Independent Labour Party. |
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| Turkish soldier and viceroy of Egypt (1805-1848) who wrested control of Egypt from the weakening Ottoman Empire (1811) and established a modern state, over which his family ruled until 1952. |
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| The phrase 'jewel in the crown' is Benjamin Disraelis, prime minister of Britain briefly in 1868 and again 1874-80. Many of his policies aimed at the promotion of the British Empire and in 1876 he enabled Queen Victoria to become Empress of India. |
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| Dominion or rule, especially the British rule over India |
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| The countries and landmasses surrounding the Pacific Ocean, often considered as a socioeconomic region. |
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| King of Belgium (1865-1909) who also reigned in the Congo Free State (later Zaire, now Congo) from 1876 to 1904, when he was forced to abdicate because of his harsh treatment of the native population. |
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| British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University |
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| Shaka (a.k.a. Shaka Zulu) |
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| Shaka was the most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom. |
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| government as by a father over his children |
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| the relation of a strong state toward a weaker state or territory that it protects and partly controls. |
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| Ethiopian emperor who established independence from Italy and expanded Ethiopia's borders through military conquests. |
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| canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas, completed in 1869 and long controlled by Great Britain. |
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| British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India |
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| Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a founder of the Brahma Sabha in 1828 which engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential Indian socio-religious reform movement. His influence was apparent in the fields of politics, public administration and education as well as religion. He is best known for his efforts to abolish the practice of sati |
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| a war between Great Britain and China that began in 1839 as a conflict over the opium trade and ended in 1842 with the Chinese cession of Hong Kong to the British, the opening of five Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges in the Treaty of Nanking. |
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| The Taiping Rebellion was a widespread civil war in China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, against the ruling Qing Dynasty. |
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| a member of a Chinese secret society that carried on an unsuccessful uprising, 1898–1900 (Boxer Rebellion), principally against foreigners, culminating in a siege of foreign legations in Peking that was put down by an international expeditionary force. |
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| The Meiji period or Meiji era denotes the period in Japanese history during the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor (from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 1912). During this time, Japan began its modernization and rose to world power status. Meiji means 'Enlightened Rule'. |
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| A region of northeast China |
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| the policy, as stated by President Monroe in 1823, that the U.S. opposed further European colonization of and interference with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere. |
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| a corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country. |
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| La Reforma (English: The Reform) was a period halfway through the 19th century in the history of Mexico that was characterized by liberal reforms and the transformation of Mexico into a nation state. |
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| Mexican revolutionary and political leader: president 1911–13. |
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| Extraterritorial rights are rights of foreigners outside of ("extra-") their own country. These rights are negotiated by diplomats from more powerful countries. For example, Americans and Europeans in the late 19th and early 20th century enjoyed extraterritorial rights in China. They could not be tried in Chinese courts; their embassies tried and punished any crimes they committed. |
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| The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China. |
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| was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. |
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| the war (1894–95) between China and Japan over the control of Korea that resulted in the nominal independence of Korea and the Chinese cession to Japan of Formosa and the Pescadores. |
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| was the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese war. |
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| A war between Spain and the United States in 1898, as a result of which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandoned all claim to Cuba, which became independent in 1902. |
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| Mexican military and political leader who tried to crush the Texan revolt. |
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| Austrian archduke and emperor of Mexico (1864-1867). Appointed emperor by the French, who had recently captured Mexico, he lacked popular support and was captured and executed by Mexican republicans when France withdrew from the country under American pressure. |
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| A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. |
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| The life of China's last Emperor, Pu Yi is well known. Those who have watched the film 'The Last Emperor' will at least be familiar with his struggles. However, the life of Empress Cixi, a woman, who really ruled over China for around half a century, is little known. Cixi had sharp political sense and implemented decisively; but under her rule the Qing Dynasty grew more and more corrupt and its power began to dwindle. |
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| A treaty signed in Japan at Kanagawa, now part of Yokohama, on March 31, 1854, by Japan and the United States to allow U.S. ships into the ports of Hakodate and Shimoda, where a U.S. consul was also accepted. |
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| A war fought in 1904–1905 between Russia and Japan over rival territorial claims. In winning the war, Japan emerged as a world power. |
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| a head of state, esp. a military dictator. |
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| Waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. The canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The United States built it from 1904 to 1914 on territory leased from Panama. |
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| Mexican soldier and politician who became president after a coup in 1876 and governed the country until 1911 |
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| Mexican revolutionary and agrarian reformer: guerrilla leader |
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