forbids the government from quartering soldiers in private homes

4^th Amendment:  

freedom from search and seizure

5^th Amendment:  

protection from arbitrary government actions; protects people from prosecution without first being indicted by a grand jury; protects people from double jeopardy (being tried for the same crime twice); a person cannot be forced to testify against him or herself in a criminal case

6^th Amendment:  

the right to a speedy trial; the right to a jury trial

7^th Amendment:  

the right to a jury in some types of civil trials (applies to the government)

8^th Amendment:  

forbids cruel and unusual punishment; allows for bail if a person is awaiting trial

9^th Amendment: 

 rights can be inferred even if there isn’t a specific reference listed in the Constitution

10^th Amendment: 

 refers to the division of power between the state and federal government

11^th Amendment: 

 deals with each state’s sovereign immunity 

12^th Amendment: 

 establishes a procedure for electing the president and vice-president

13^th Amendment:  

forbids slavery

14^th Amendment:  

declares that all people born in the United States (except for Native Americans) are citizens of the U.S., and are therefore entitled to equal rights (did not include black men nor women)

15^th Amendment:  

extends the right to vote to black men

16^th Amendment:  

allows Congress to levy an income tax

17^th Amendment:  

establishes the direct election of Senators by popular vote (only 2 per state) as opposed to election into office by state legislatures

18^th Amendment: 

 created prohibition

19^th Amendment:  

extends the right to vote to women

21^st Amendment:  

repealed prohibition

22^nd Amendment:  

established a term limit for the President of the U.S.

23^rd Amendment:  

permits citizens of the District of Columbia to vote for Electors for President and Vice-President of the U.S.

24^th Amendment:  

prohibits Poll Taxes

25^th Amendment:  

deals with succession to the presidency for various reasons, including disabilities of the president

26^th Amendment:  

prohibits state and national governments from setting the voting age over the age of 18

27^th Amendment:  

prohibits any legislation that increases or decreases the salaries of Congressmen/women from taking effect until the next term of offices

Abolitionists: 

 people who wanted to abolish slavery

Absolute Location:  

exact location of something on the earth’s surface determined by latitude and longitude

Adams (Samuel):  

developed the Committees of Correspondence to keep colonists informed about what was happening in other colonies

Addams (Jane):  

founder of Hull House, which provided services for Chicago’s new immigrants; influenced the passage of a federal child labor law in 1916

Agrarian Society:  

Most workers prior to the Industrial Revolution were farm workers and goods were made by hand

Almanac: 

 a book, published annually, containing information on many subjects such as population figures or annual rainfall

Anthony (Susan B.):  

leader of the women’s suffrage movement and the temperance movement

Armstrong (Neil):  

the first person to walk on the moon on July, 1969

Articles of Confederation: 

 the first plan for a central government for the United States; lasted from 1781 until 1789; replaced by the U.S. Constitution

Artifact:  

a man made object such as a tool, weapon, or piece of art

x

Atlas:  

a book of maps

Austin (Moses):  

received a land grant from the Spanish governor of Texas to settle 300 families; upon his death, his son, Stephen F. Austin, began the colony

Austin (Stephen F.):  

son of Moses Austin; known as “The Father of Texas” since he began his colony in 1821; those families who settled the area became known as “The Old Three Hundred”

Balance of Trade:  

a nation’s amount of exports compared to the amount of its imports

Barton (Clara):  

served as a nurse to wounded Union soldiers during the Civil War; established the American Red Cross in 1881

Battle of San Jacinto:  

took place April 21, 1836; there, General Santa Anna surrendered to General Sam Houston

Battle of the Alamo:  

took place in March of 1836; General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and his Mexican army defeated Colonel William B. Travis and the defenders of the Alamo; the defeat provided the rallying cry for the Revolution:  “Remember the Alamo!”

Bell (Alexander Graham):  

a scientist, engineer, and inventor of the telephone; started the Bell Telephone Company

Bias:  

a prejudice or predisposition either toward or against something

Bill of Rights:  

the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Boone (Daniel):  

explored and settled present day Kentucky during the 1770s

Borden (Gail):  

invented a process to condense milk; founded Borden Dairy Company

Boston Massacre:  

a fight between English soldiers and American colonists that led to two deaths; it was one event that eventually led to the Revolutionary War

Boston Tea Party:  

an incident in which the Sons of Liberty dumped English tea into Boston Harbor in protest of an English law that allowed a British company to sell tea at a low price

carries out the laws

Judicial:  

settles differences about the meaning of the laws

Legislative:  

makes the Laws; consists of two Chambers (House of Representatives and Senate)

 House of Representatives: 

 based on state population; serve 2 year terms

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954):        

Supreme Court case that stated that segregation in schools creates inequality; led to desegregation; overturned Plessy v. Ferguson 

Buffalo Soldiers:   

African American United States Cavalry Soldiers who served on the Texas frontier

Cabeza de Vaca:  

a Spaniard who explored what is now Texas and the southwestern United States

Cardinal Directions:  

North, South, East, West

Carpetbaggers:  

term for northerners who had moved to the south

Cartier (Jacques):  

a French explorer in Canada who searched for the fabled Northwest Passage (a fabled water route cutting through North America to Asia)

Cartographer:  

mapmaker

Cash Crop:  

a crop raised to be sold rather than a crop raised to be used by the farmer (such as coffee, tobacco, and cotton)

Catt (Carrie Chapman):  

a suffragist; played a key role in the passage of the 19^th Amendment

Cattle Drives:  

used to get cattle (beef) to markets; included the Texas cattle drives – Chisholm Trail, which went from Texas to Abilene, Kansas, and the Goodnight-Loving Trail which went from West Texas to Wyoming

Causality:  

the reason something happens

Chavez (Cesar):  

one of the leaders of Mexican American and migrant farm workers to fight for better wages and working conditions

Cinco de Mayo:  

the holiday commemorating the Mexican victory over the French at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862

Cisneros (Henry):  

the first Hispanic mayor of a large city, San Antonio, Texas; served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President Clinton

Civil War:  

a war in which groups of people from the same place fight each other

Civilization:  

a complex society with a government, religion, writing, and learning

Climate:  

the long-term weather of an area over a period of time

Cold War:  

the time period between 1945 and 1991 when the United States and the Soviet Union prepared for war against one another

Colonies:  

Thirteen consisting of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

New England Colonies:  

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut 

Middle Colonies:  

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Columbus (Christopher):  

Italian sailing under the sponsorship of Spain; “discoveries” led to an exchange of knowledge of people, plants, animals, and ideas between Europeans and the native people found in the Americas

Compass Rose:  

a design on a map that shows cardinal and intermediate directions

Conscription:  

the draft of men to serve in the military

Constitution:  

approved in 1789; consists of a Preamble, Articles, and Amendments

Constitutional Amendments:  

utilized to change the Constitution; currently, there are currently 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution; amendments must pass a 2/3 vote in Congress AND ¾ of the states must pass the amendment

Continents:  

Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America

Coronado (Francisco):  

a Spanish explorer who traveled throughout the present day areas of Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, and Kansas looking for the fabled seven cities of gold

Cortez (Hernando): 

 a Spanish conqueror of the Aztec Empire in present day Mexico

Crockett (Davy):  

a frontiersman and congressman from Tennessee who moved to Texas in 1836; killed at the Battle of the Alamo

Crop Yield:  

the amount of a crop harvested from a field; factors that influence the yield include soil fertility, seed, weather, pests, and cultivation practices

Cultural Borrowing:  

the process by which cultures use the ideas and solutions of other cultures

Cultural Diffusion:  

the spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior from one culture to another; occurs through the movement of people, goods, or ideas

Cultural Geography:  

focuses on the interaction of people and their environment

Culture:  

the pattern of human behavior that a group shares; includes the customs, beliefs, art, language, religion, and social activities of a people

Daguerre (Louis): 

 the most famous of several people who invented photography; the process was called “Daguerreotype”

de Champlain (Samuel):

  a French explorer who established a fort which later became Quebec, an important fur-trading center

de Leon (Martin):  

an empresario who started a colony of about 200 Tejano families near present day Victoria

de Soto (Hernando):  

a Spaniard who claimed a large area of land for Spain; was the first European to see the Mississippi River; explored what is today Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Kansas, and Louisiana

de Zavala (Lorenzo):  

signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico; the Vice-President of the interim government of the Republic of Texas

Diez y Seis de Septiembre:  

a celebration of Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1810

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857):  

Supreme Court Case; decision stated that slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could not be citizens of the U.S.; stated that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories

Dubois (W.E.B.): 

 a teacher and writer who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909

Dust Bowl:  

refers to the drought of the 1930s that made farming impossible in the Great Plains region

Earhart (Amelia):  

the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean; disappeared over the Pacific Ocean during a flight around the world in 1937

Economic Systems:  

      Command Economic System:  

Market Economic System: 

Traditional Economic System:  

    Command Economic System:  

the government controls economic activity; two major types:

Communism:  

Socialism: 

Communism:  

all property and means of production are

collectively owned and directed by the state

                Socialism:  

the government owns some factors of production and has a role in determining how goods are produced

Market Economic System: 

 individuals control production of goods and distribution of resources; also known as the Free Enterprise System or Capitalism

Traditional Economic System:  

customs, habits, laws, and religious beliefs control decisions         

Eisenhower (Dwight):  

34^th President of the United States; General in the U.S. Army; served as the supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II

Elevation:  

the distance of the land above sea level

Emancipation Proclamation:  

a Presidential Order freeing the slaves in the Confederate States

Embargo:  

the prohibition on the import or export of a good

Emigrate:  

to move away from an area

Empresario:  

an agent who made arrangements to bring settlers to Texas

Equator: 

 at 0° Latitude

Erosion:  

the wearing away of the earth’s surface by wind, water, or glaciers

Esteban:  

an African man who accompanied Cabeza de Vaca throughout present day Texas and the United States

Export:  

a good that is sent out of a country for sale

Federalism:  

power is shared by state and national governments

Ferguson (Miriam): 

 known as “Ma” Ferguson; the first female governor of Texas

Fjord:  

a long, steep-sided glacial valley

Ford (Henry):  

built the Model T; created the Ford Motor Company; introduced the first assembly line in 1913 to build the Model T

Frame of Reference: 

 any preexisting ideas that shape perception, thought, or opinion; a way of looking at a situation

Franklin (Benjamin): 

 signer of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution; publisher of Poor Richard’s Almanac; inventor

Free Enterprise System:  

privately owned businesses should have the freedom to operate for a profit and with limited intervention by the government

Fulton (Robert):  

the inventor of the first commercially successful steamboat

Gazetteer:  

a geographical dictionary

Geography:  

the study of places

Glossary:  

a list of terms with pronunciations and definitions

Good Neighbor Policy:  

called for less interference by the United States in the affairs of the countries of Latin America and South America; supported by President F.D. Roosevelt

Government Systems:  

created to maintain social order; provide public services; provide national security; provide for an economic system; types include:

Democracy

Monarchy

Oligarchy

Totalitarianism

Democracy: 

 political control is exercised by all people either directly or through elected representatives

Monarchy:  

one single person is the head of the state; some monarchs hold that position but do not really exercise any control over the government

Oligarchy:  

only a few powerful individuals hold all the power

Great Compromise of 1787:  

an agreement reached between large and small states during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in which the Senate would consist of 2 members per state and the House would consist of a number of members based upon each state’s population

Gross Domestic Product:  

the total value of a country’s goods and services produced each year; this is an indicator of a country’s economic performance

GTT:  

means “Gone to Texas”; a sign that appeared on the doors of people who left their homes to find a new life in Texas

Gutenberg (Johan):  

invented the printing press which enabled books to be printed in large numbers and at lower costs, enabling new ideas to spread more quickly throughout the world

Hale (Nathan):  

a lieutenant in the Continental Army of the Revolutionary War who gathered intelligence on the British Army; he was captured by the British and executed as a spy

 a time of great artistic development for African-Americans during the 1920s in New York; included individuals such as Langston Hughes and Louis Armstrong

Hemisphere:  

half the globe; the globe can be divided into northern and southern hemispheres separated by the equator or the eastern and western hemispheres separated by the Prime Meridian; North America is located in the Northern and Western Hemispheres

Homestead Act of 1862:  

declared any citizen could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land outside the original thirteen colonies; encouraged Westward expansion of the United States

Homesteaders:  

people who settled on the Great Plains between 1862 and 1890

Houston (Sam):  

Governor of the state of Tennessee; Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of Texas; the first President of the Republic of Texas; Governor of the state of Texas after Texas joined the United States

Hutchinson (Anne):  

a Puritan woman who disagreed with the leadership of the Massachusetts Colony

Immigrate:  

to move into an area

Imperialism:  

occurs when the interests of a dominant nation overrides the interests of another nation

Import:  

a good that is brought into a country for sale

Indentured Servant:  

a person who agreed to work for another person without pay for a certain length of time (used by many early settlers to “pay” for passage to the New World)

Index:  

an alphabetical list of names and subjects together with the page number where they appear in the text

Industry Sectors:  

types of economies in a country

Primary Sector:  

the economy consists of businesses that extract or harvest products from the earth (farming, mining, and forestry)

Quaternary Sector:  

the economy consists of businesses that deal with information (technology and scientific research)

Secondary Sector:  

the economy consists of businesses that process raw materials and turn them into finished goods (automobiles, textiles, and energy)

Interdependence: 

 a condition in which two things or groups rely on one another

Intermediate Directions: 

 Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, Southeast

Isthmus:  

a narrow piece of land that connects two larger landmasses

Jamestown (Virginia):  

the first permanent English Colony in the Americas; founded in 1607

Jefferson (Thomas):  

main author of the Declaration of Independence; 3^rd President of the United States

Jones (Anson):  

the last president of the Republic of Texas before it joined the United States

Jordan (Barbara):  

the first African American woman to serve in the Texas Legislature; also served in the U.S. Congress

Juneteenth:  

the date (June 19, 1865) that Union soldiers landed in Texas to announce that salves were free

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854:  

a law that repealed the Missouri Compromise; it allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves if they would allow slavery; law was supported by those who were in favor of slavery

King (Henrietta and Richard):  

couple who established the King Ranch between Corpus Christi and Brownsville 

King, Jr. (Martin Luther):  

one of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement; assassinated on April 4, 1968; a federal holiday in January celebrates his birthday 

Kwanzaa:  

a holiday celebrated from December 26 to January 1; a celebration of African American culture and community

a day to honor the working people of America; celebrated on the first Monday in September

Labor Unions:  

organizations that work for their members’ interests concerning pay, benefits, and working conditions

Lamar (Mirabeau):  

fought in the Texas Revolution; served as Vice-President and President of the Republic of Texas

LaSalle (aka Rene-Robert Cavelier): 

 a French explorer who sailed the entire length of the Mississippi River claiming it for France and naming it Louisiana; killed by a mutinous crew near present day Navasota, Texas

Latitude: 

 horizontal lines used to measure distance north and south of the equator

Laws:  

regulations or customs which are formally recognized as binding by a controlling authority

Lewis (Meriwether) and Clark (William):  

explored the Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806 which facilitated the mapping of the new territory, as well as knowledge about its natural resources and its inhabitants

Lincoln (Abraham):  

16^th President of the United States; signed the Emancipation Proclamation; assassinated on April 15, 1865 (just 6 days after the surrender of the Confederacy ended the Civil War)

Lines of Latitude: 

 horizontal lines used to measure distance north and south the of equator

Lines of Longitude:  

vertical lines used to measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian; extend from pole to pole

Limited Resource:  

when there is a fixed supply of a resource

Longitude:  

vertical lines that extend from pole to pole and are used to measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian

Louisiana Purchase:  

territory that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from New Orleans to Canada; purchased by the United States from France in 1803 facilitated by Thomas Jefferson

Madison (James):  

main author of the United States Constitution which created a strong Federalist government; 4^th President of the United States

Magna Charta:  

established the precedent that the king recognize the rights of his nobles; signed by King John of England in 1215 and kept the power of the English king from becoming absolute

Manifest Destiny:  

the idea that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Map Legend:  

a key with an explanation of the colors and symbols used on a map

Maps: 

 drawing or representation of all or part of the earth; includes:

Political map: 

Physical map:  

Elevation map: 

Topographic map:  

Political map: 

 shows features created by humans such as boundaries between countries

Physical map:  

shows the physical features of the earth’s surface such as landforms and bodies of water

Elevation map:  

shows the height of the land

Marbury v. Madison (1803):  

Marshall Plan:  

plan of the United States to help rebuild Western Europe following World War II; named for Secretary of State George Marshall

Marshall (Thurgood):  

first African American Supreme Court Justice; represented the Brown family in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka which led to the desegregation of the public school system

Mass Production:  

a way to produce many goods at once to streamline production; an assembly line process

Mayflower Compact:  

an agreement signed by all males onboard the Mayflower; a plan of self-government; the Pilgrims agreed to elect their own leaders and make their own laws

McCormick (Cyrus):  

the inventor of the mechanical reaper which led to higher crop yields

Mechanization of Farming Equipment:  

increased the farmer’s efficiency which led to greater crop yields; led to a loss of agricultural jobs; led to movement from rural areas to urban areas

Memorial Day:  

a day to honor Americans who gave their lives for the country; started in 1866 after the Civil War; celebrated in May

Mesa:  

a flat-topped elevated landform with steep sides

Migrate:  

to move from one place to another

Missions:  

built throughout the area now known as the southwestern United States as part of the Spanish colonial system; taught Native Americans the Catholic religion and the Spanish way of life; goals included:  to instill the Catholic faith, to protect the interest of the Spanish crown, to ensure self-sufficiency of the area

Mssouri Compromise of 1820:  

an attempt to keep the United States together; stated that Missouri would be allowed to join the U.S. as a slave state and Maine would be allowed to join the U.S. as a free state; thereafter states north of an imaginary line of 36° 30’ North would be free states and those south of the line would be slave states

Monotheism:  

the belief in one Supreme Being

Nationalism:  

the sense of belonging to a nation

Native American groups in Central and South America:

    Aztec in present day Mexico

Inca in present day Peru and Chile          

Mayas in present day southern Mexico and Central America

Native American groups in North America:

Blackfeet in the northwestern plains of North America 

Cherokee in southeastern North America

Inuit in the far northern area of North America

Iroquois in northeastern North America

Navajo in southwestern North America

Sioux in the north central plains of North America            

Native American groups in Texas:

Atakapans

Caddo

Coahuiltecans

Comanche

Jumano

Karankawas

Lipan Apaches

Pueblos

Tonkawas 

Atakapans 

along the upper Gulf of Mexico coast; hunter-gathers

Caddo 

in the piney woods area now known as East Texas; highly developed; lived in villages; farmers

Coahuiltecans 

in the Gulf Coastal Plain now known as South Texas; hunters and gathers

Comanche 

in the High Plains area now known as the Texas Panhandle; hunters and gatherers; hunted buffalo with horses; fierce hunters and warriors who spread across Texas and pushed out other tribes

Jumano 

in the far western, desert area now known as West Texas; irrigated crops and lived in villages

Karankawas

 in the Gulf Coast area; nomadic; hunted and gathered

Lipan Apaches 

in the Hill Country north to the Red River; farmed and hunted; hunted buffalo with horses

Pueblos -

 built a great civilization in what is now known as the southwestern United States, including present day West Texas; farmers and built adobe homes

Need:  

something that is necessary for survival such as air, food, or shelter

New Deal:  

federally supported public works programs that help pull the United States out of the Great Depression of the 1930s; supported by President F.D. Roosevelt

Newton (Isaac):  

developed the idea of using scientific methods to answer questions and solve problems

Nightingale (Florence):  

an English nurse who is considered the founder of modern nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): 

 an agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to reduce tariffs and encourage trade between the countries; enacted in 1993

Oceans:  

cover 70% of the earth’s surface and include:  Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic

Paine (Thomas):  

wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense in 1776 to advocate for independence from Great Britain

Panama Canal:  

connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and provided a shortcut between the two oceans

Parker (Quannah):  

the last great chief of the Comanche

Parks (Rosa): 

 her arrest for not giving up a seat to a white passenger in a bus in Montgomery, Alabama led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Pasteur (Louis):  

invented a heating process named “pasteurization,” which kills microorganisms in food

Peninsula:

 a body of land surrounded by water on three sides

Penn (William):  

established the English colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and others searching for religious freedom

Periodicals: 

 newspapers and magazines

Physical Geography:  

focuses on the physical characteristics of a place

Plains:  

areas of flat or slightly rolling land

Plateau:  

a level, mostly flat, expanse of land that is raised above the adjoining land

Plate Tectonics:  

the theory that the earth’s crust is divided into plates which are continually moving

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):  

Supreme Court case that gave legal justification for the concept of “separate but equal”

Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts):  

established in 1620 by the Separatists/Pilgrims

Polytheism:  the belief in many gods

Ponce de León:  

the first Spaniard to set foot on what is today the United States (Florida)

Powell (Colin):  

General in the U.S. Army; served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; served as the first African American Secretary of State; served under President George W. Bush

Presidio: 

 a Spanish military post, often rectangular in shape with buildings placed inside of the fortified walls; often built to protect mission inhabitants

Primary Source:  

records made by people who saw or took part in an event

Prime Meridian:  at 0° longitude

Propaganda: 

 any scheme or effort to promote an idea or point of view through the following techniques;

Labeling

Card Stacking

Testimonial

Bandwagon

Glittering Generalities

Assertions 

Labeling –

 name calling

                Card Stacking – 

giving only one side of the facts to support a position

                Testimonial – 

when a celebrity endorses a candidate or product

Bandwagon – 

when “everybody” is using a product

  Glittering Generalities – 

the use of vague, emotionally appealing language

Quartering Act:  

required Colonists to provide supplies and living quarters for the British troops

Railroads:  

played a huge role in Westward Expansion and in “opening” the frontier

Reconstruction:  

the time period after the Civil War when the South was rebuilt

Regions of Texas: 

 includes the Coastal Plains, North Central Plains, Great Plains, Mountains and Basins 

Relative Location:  

refers to the relationship of one place to other places

Renaissance:  

the time from 1400-1600 when Europe experienced a rebirth in philosophy, learning, art, and science; individuals from this time period included Michelangelo, da Vinci, Copernicus, and Galileo

Renewable Resources:  

resources that can be replaced naturally or by people

Revere (Paul):  

his ride to Concord, New Hampshire to warn colonists that the British troops were on the move was made famous by Longfellow’s poem, “Paul Revere’s Ride”

Rodriguez (Cleto):  

Hispanic soldier awarded the Medal of Honor due to heroism displayed at the Battle of Manila during World War II

Roosevelt (Eleanor):  

wife of President F.D. Roosevelt; transformed the role of the First Lady by holding press conferences and traveling all over the country

Rosetta Stone:  

large black stone found in Egypt and allowed archeologists to translate and read the history of the ancient Egyptians since it contained three languages (Greek, Egyptian script, and Egyptian hieroglyphics)

Rural Electrification Administration:  

Federal legislation to bring electricity to rural areas of the United States

Salk (Jonas):  

formulated a vaccine against polio in the 1950s

Savanna:  

a tropical grassland

Scalawags:  

term for white southerners who had not supported the Confederacy

Scarcity:  

the supply of a good does not satisfy the demand for the good

Secondary Source: 

 non-primary sources; materials produced by people who did not actually witness or participate in the event

Seguin (Juan):  

a Tejano defender of the Alamo who was not killed there; helped write laws for Texas and encouraged the laws to be printed in both Spanish and English

Services:  

work or labor performed for someone

Smith (John):  

the leader Jamestown

Socialization: 

 the process by which humans learn the expectations their society has for their behavior, in order that they might successfully function within that society

Sojourner Truth:  

born into slavery but escaped and became one of the earliest female abolitionists; became a powerful speaker against slavery

Spindletop:  

near Beaumont, Texas; oil was discovered here in 1901; first of many discoveries of oil in Texas

Stamp Act:  

English tax on colonists; everything written or printed (newspapers, etc.) had to have a special stamp to show that the tax had been paid

Suffrage:  

having the right to vote

Sugar Act:  

required the collection of taxes on molasses brought into the colonies

Supply and Demand: 

 refers to the idea that the amount of goods produced will be determined by the demand for those goods; Supply refers to the amount of goods available; Demand refers to the desire to want something and pay for it

Surplus:  

the quantity supplied of a good is greater than the quantity demanded

Tejanos:  

Mexican settlers who moved to Texas

Temperance Movement:  

a social movement against the use of alcohol

Texas:  

28^th state to join the U.S. in 1845

Texas Revolution:  

started on October 2, 1835 in Gonzales, Texas; Ended on April 21, 1836 with the Battle of San Jacinto

Time Zones: 

 divides the world into 24 time zones, one beginning every fifteenth meridian; the United States has six time zones:  Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaskan, and Hawaii-Aleutian

Tower (John):  

the first Texas Republican elected to the United States Senate since Reconstruction

Trade Deficit:  

when a nation imports more than it exports

Trade Surplus:  

when a nation exports more than it imports

Treaty of Velasco:  

ended the Texas Revolution

Tubman (Harriet):  

born into slavery but escaped and became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad; believed to have helped more than 300 people make it to freedom

Underground Railroad: 

 a system of slave escape routes leading to freedom; “conductors” provided food and shelter along the way

United States Civil War:  

fought between 1860 and 1865

Veteran’s Day: 

 a day to celebrate all veterans of the United States Armed Forces; celebrated on November 11^th; originally observed as Armistice Day to celebrate the end of World War I

Vikings:  

sailed from Greenland to modern day Canada around 1000 AD to establish fishing and hunting bases

Want:  

an item we desire but that is not necessary for survival

Weathering: 

 the process that breaks down the rocks on the earth’s surface

Whitney (Eli):  

the inventor of the cotton gin and a machine that created parts that were all the same (interchangeable); led to the Industrial Revolution

Williams (Roger): 

 founded the colony of Rhode Island on the idea of religious tolerance and separation of church and state

Delta:  

a triangular section of land built up at a river’s mouth