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Tests 1-3
Foglesong
207
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/29/2012

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Term
integral proteins
Definition
proteins that are embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane and not easily extracted
Term
endospores
Definition
represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because they are resistant to harsh environments thus allowing the survival of the spore forming organisms under conditions in which nonsporulating cells would not survive and can be dangerous
Term
some archael plasma membranse
Definition
they may consist of a lipid mono layer with ether bonds
Term
useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Definition
the specific DNA sequences, the size of the ribosomes, the presence of membrane bound organelles within the cytoplasm
Term
the golgi apparatus
Definition
responsible for the packaging of materials for excretion
Term
function of the mitochondrion
Definition
tricarboxylic acid cycle enxyme reactions, electron transport ATP synthesis
Term
exocytosis
Definition
the process by which a cell imports large particles by enclsing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane
Term
lysosomes
Definition
enxymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in
Term
granulocyte
Definition
most abundant neutrophil
Term
Nk cells
Definition
kill tumor cells
Term
eosinophils
Definition
attacks parasites
Term
t helper cells
Definition
CD4
Term
pluripotent stem cells
Definition
bone marrow
Term
IgM
Definition
pentamer
Term
IgG
Definition
crosses the placenta
Term
IgE
Definition
allergies
Term
IgD
Definition
unknown function
Term
IgA
Definition
secretory antibody
Term
Fleming
Definition
credited with the discovery of penicillin
Term
cephalosporin
Definition
like penicillin, inhibit the bacterial cell wall, have a broader spectrum and can be given to patients with allergies
Term
sulfonamides
Definition
inhibit the production of folic acid and therefore inhibit the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines
Term
antibiotics
Definition
chemotherapeutic agents that are natural products of microorganisms are most specifically referred to as?
Term
superficial myoces
Definition
normally treated by topical application of antifungal drugs
Term
penicillin
Definition
does not inhibit protein synthesis
Term
minimal inhibitory concentration
Definition
the lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents growth
Term
pathogenicity, invasiveness, infectivity
Definition
the characteristics of a pathogen that determiens its virulence
Term
lipopolysaccharide
Definition
endotoxins include
Term
final outcome of most host parasite relationships depends on
Definition
the number of organisms, the virulence, and the host's defenses
Term
viral infection
Definition
can result in cellular injury, stimulation of immune responses and evasion of immune responses
Term
immune complex
Definition
type II hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis
Term
type I
Definition
hypersensitivitiy that is IgE mediated
Term
binding to the antigen
Definition
not a function of the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule
Term
macrophages
Definition
the major antigen presenting cells in humans
Term
monoclonal antibodies
Definition
made by hybridizing a myeloma cell and an activated b cell, they recognize a specific epitope and they area useful tool in disease diagnosis
Term
IgG
Definition
immunoglobulans that are must abundant in serum
Term
vaccination
Definition
artificially acquired active immunity
Term
self and non self antigens
Definition
immune system normally discriminates between
Term
T cells
Definition
class II major histocompatability complexes are found on all of the following tpes of cells except
Term
cytokines
Definition
t cells produce and secrete factors which do not directly interact with the invading organism but which augment the body's defense mechanisms
Term
target antigen
Definition
the variable domain of the antibody
Term
tumor cells and cells infected by microorganisms
Definition
natural killer cells specifically kill which of the following
Term
kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
Definition
under normal circumstances, which of the following are normally sterile environments in mammals
Term
the classical pathway
Definition
which of the following pathways for complement activation is generally dpendant on the antigen antigen complexes
Term
lysozyme
Definition
an enzyme that lyses bacteria
Term
tears
Definition
protect the eye by flushing and lysosyme
Term
plasma cell
Definition
a mature and activated T cell
Term
acquired immunity
Definition
refers to the type of specific immunity
Term
antigens
Definition
substanes that are recognized as foreign and provoke a response
Term
a slightly acidic pH
Definition
under normal circumstances, the nromal microbiota of the skin is kept in check by
Term
opportunistic pathogens
Definition
when a member of the normal microbiota of thehuman body become pathogenic and produce disease under circumstance s==s they are refered to as opportunistic pathogens
Term
macromolecules
Definition
large number of smallmonomers join together to form largemolec
Term
each of the four sanger sequencing relations includ
Definition
a combination of the four different dideoxynucleotides i ATP
Term
membrane bound proton trans loking at ATP snthase
Definition
in eukaryotes most aerobically generated ATP is produced by
Term
uracil
Definition
the following nitrogenous bases is usually found in RNA but not in dna
Term
inhibits the initiation of transcription
Definition
when a repressor binds to the operator site on the DNa it normally
Term
in an F F conjugation the donor is the
Definition
F+ strain
Term
bacterial artificial
Definition
a type of cloning vector that can carry the largest amount of foreign DNA
Term
molecular organization
Definition
information, cntents, gene products
Term
genomics is the study of
Definition
everything
Term
proteings
Definition
based on PH size and thousands of proteins in complex micture
Term
proteome
Definition
reers to all of the proteins that an organism prodcues
Term
powerful computers, software, sanger sequencing
Definition
the whole genome shotgun approach for collection was the largest data used to determine the nucleotide sequencing o microbial genomes
Term
reverse transcriptase
Definition
complementary DNA probs are produced using....
Term
vector
Definition
a DNA molecule used to carry foregin gene into a host organism
Term
smallest fragments will move fastes
Definition
when the best time for separation of DNA fragments during agrose gell electrophoresis
Term
introns
Definition
in order to express eukaryotic genes in the bacterium to ____ moust be removed
Term
antibiotic resistance
Definition
plasmid vectors often contain ___ genes that can be used to screen for recombinants
Term
silent mutation
Definition
does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein
Term
ames test
Definition
used to measure the mutagenicity of chemicals
Term
horizontal gene transfer
Definition
transfer of genes from one mature independent organism to another
Term
conjugation
Definition
trasnfer of genetic material via direct cell-cell contact
Term
transformation
Definition
when a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment
Term
hFr
Definition
when an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosme, the strain is referred to as ___
Term
inducive
Definition
alter repressor proteins thereby increasing the rate of transcription and initiations
Term
constitutitve
Definition
enzymes that are expressed at a constant level all the time
Term
operon
Definition
term escribes a set of genes that are coordinately regulated together under the control of a single promotor
Term
promoter
Definition
when bound to the DNA the repressor protein usually prevents the attachment of the RNA polymerase
Term
transcription
Definition
the process by which the base sequence of all or a portion of a DNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of an RNA moecule
Term
template strand
Definition
the strand of DNA for a particular gene that is copied by the RNA polymerase to form mRNA is called
Term
initiation process
Definition
ribosomes consists of two separate subunits that cometogether as part of the ____ and then dissociate
Term
post transcription
Definition
in eukaryotes a series of adenine residues are added to the 2; end of an RNA molecule
Term
the portion of the tRNA molecule that binds to the codon on the mRNA is called the
Definition
anitcodon
Term
AUG
Definition
not a terminatino codon
Term
promoter region
Definition
the region at which the RNA polymerase binds
Term
A-U
Definition
not a complementary base pair usually found in DNA
Term
double stranded circles of DNA
Definition
chromosomes of most bacteria
Term
the y shaped part
Definition
fork
Term
acetyl COA, TCA cycle, and glycolysis intermediates
Definition
source of carbon skeletons that are used in the synthesis of amino acids
Term
anabolism
Definition
synthesis of complex molcules from simpler ones with the input of energy
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
purines and pyrimidines are precursors for the synthesis of
Term
nucleotide
Definition
a purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar either ribose or deoxyrobisoe to whch is attached one or more phosphate group
Term
20
Definition
common amino acids used to synthesize proteins
Term
nitrogen fixation
Definition
reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, depends on the enxyme nitorgenase which is produced by some bacteria and archaea but not eukaryotes
Term
38
Definition
the theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes
Term
catabolism
Definition
the breakdown of larger more complex molecules into smaller simple ones with the release and trapping of some energy contained with the molecules is called
Term
mitochondrial electron transport
Definition
takes plac eon the inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
major function of th eTCA cycle
Definition
energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components
Term
lister
Definition
first to sterilize surgical instruments
Term
Koch
Definition
proved germ theory of disease by use of four postulates
Term
pasteur
Definition
disproved spontaneous gneration; pasteruization
Term
jenner
Definition
first vaccination in western medicine
Term
leeuwenhoek
Definition
discovered microbes
Term
anaerobic bacteria
Definition
typically lack enzymes that metabolize reactive oxygen species
Term
cyanobacteria
Definition
photosynthetic producers of O2 and aquatic
Term
transmission electron microscopy
Definition
the most sensitive technique that is used to observe the surfaces of cells
Term
chlorine
Definition
disninfectant of choice for municipal water supplies
Term
autoclaving
Definition
most effective against resistant endospores
Term
sterilization
Definition
destruction ore removal of all viable organisms
Term
thermophillic
Definition
organisms that are gorwn near deep sea volcanic vents are likely to be this
Term
facultative anaerobes
Definition
organisms that do not require oxygen for growth but grow better in its presense are called
Term
selective medium
Definition
a growth medium that favors the growth of some microorganisms but inhibits the growth of other microorganisms
Term
complex
Definition
media containing some ingredients of unknown composition
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
the movement of molecules across a membrane from igh to low tih the use of a carrier molecule mebedded in the membrane
Term
passive diffusion
Definition
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the participation of specific carrier molecules
Term
chemotrophs
Definition
organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of either organic or inorganic compounds
Term
phototrophs
Definition
organisms that obtain energy from light
Term
autotrophs
Definition
organisms that use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal sourc eof carbon
Term
rRNA
Definition
the nucleolus plays a major role in the syntheiss
Term
ER
Definition
major site of phospholipid synthesis
Term
lysosomes
Definition
enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found
Term
exocytosis
Definition
the process by which a cell imorts large particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called
Term
functions of the mitochondrion
Definition
tricarboxylic acid cycle enxyme reations, electron transport, ATP sthesis
Term
papillomavirus
Definition
wart, cervical cancer
Term
coronavirus
Definition
SARS, respiratory infections
Term
herpes simplex virus I
Definition
cold sores, fever blisters
Term
herpes simplex virus II
Definition
venereal sores
Term
varicella zoster
Definition
chicken pox, shingles
Term
Epstein-Barr virus
Definition
infectious mononucleosis
Term
poxvirus
Definition
smallpox
Term
picornaviruses
Definition
polio, rhino, hepatitis A
Term
polio virus
Definition
polio
Term
rhinoviruses
Definition
common cold
Term
hepatitis A virus
Definition
hepatitis A
Term
flaviviruses
Definition
yellow fever, hepatitis C
Term
orthomyxoviruses (influenza)
Definition
flu
Term
paramyxoviruses
Definition
measles, mumps
Term
retroviruses
Definition
HTLV I, HIV-1
Term
HTLV I
Definition
adult T cell leukemia
Term
HIV-1
Definition
AIDS
Term
reovirus
Definition
infantile gastroenteritis
Term
hepadnavirus
Definition
hepatitis B
Term
spirochetes
Definition
treponema pallidum, borrelia burgdorferi
Term
treponema pallidum
Definition
syphillis
Term
borrelia burgdorferi
Definition
lyme disease
Term
gram negative aerobic rods and cocci
Definition
pseudomonas aeroginosa, legionella pneumophila, neisseria gonorrhea
Term
pseudomonas aeroginosa
Definition
abscesses, septicemia
Term
legionella pneumophila
Definition
leionnaire's disease
Term
neisseria gonorrheae
Definition
gonorrhea
Term
gram negative facultatively anearobic
Definition
salmonella, shigella, klebsiella neumoniae, yersinia pestis, vibro cholerae, hemophilus influenzae, helicobacter pylori,
Term
salmonella
Definition
food poisoning
Term
shigella
Definition
dysentery
Term
klebsiella pneumoniae
Definition
pneumonia
Term
yersina pestis
Definition
plague
Term
vibrio cholerae
Definition
cholera
Term
hemophilus influenzae
Definition
meningitis, bronchitis
Term
heliobacter pylori
Definition
ulcers
Term
rickettsia rickettsii
Definition
rocky mountain spotted fever
Term
rickettsia typhi
Definition
typus
Term
chlamydia trachomatis
Definition
nongonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflamatory disease, trachoma
Term
mycoplasma pneumoniae
Definition
primary atypical pneumonia
Term
staphylococcus aereus
Definition
boils, toxic shock syndrome
Term
streptococcus pyogenes
Definition
strep throat
Term
gram-positive endospore forming rods and cocci
Definition
bacillus anthracis, clostridium
Term
bacillus anthracis
Definition
anthrax
Term
clostridium
Definition
tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene
Term
gram positive irregular, nonsporing rods
Definition
corynebacterium diptheriae
Term
corynebacterium diptheriae
Definition
diptheria
Term
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Definition
tuberculosis
Term
myobacterium leprae
Definition
leprosy
Term
entamoeba histolytica
Definition
amoebic dystentry
Term
giardia lamblia
Definition
giardiasis
Term
trypanosoma
Definition
african sleeping sickness
Term
plasmodium
Definition
malaria
Term
toxoplasma gondii
Definition
toxoplasmosis
Term
histoplasma casulatum
Definition
histoplasmosis
Term
candida albicans
Definition
thrush, vaginitis
Term
pneumocystic carinii
Definition
opportunistic pneumonia
Term
immunofluorescense
Definition
a technique using antibodies with fluorescent molecules covalently attached to observe the antigen in a microscopic specimen
Term
direct immonofluoresence
Definition
the flourescent molecule is attached directly to the antibody
Term
indirect immunoflouresence
Definition
the molecule is attached to a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody
Term
secondary antibodies
Definition
anti-antibody antibodies that are raised in different species from the primary antibody
Term
agglutination
Definition
the clumping of cells or latex beads due to cross-linking with antibodies that bind to antigens on their surfaces
Term
hemagglutination
Definition
the agglutination of red blood cells
Term
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Definition
a test that uses an enzyme for detection. the enzyme catalyzes a reation in which a colorless substrate is converted to a colored product. The enxyme is attached to an antibody, either the primary antibody for direct ELISa or the secondary antibody for indirect ELISA
Term
the western blot
Definition
a test for protein antigens that are spearated by size by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the proteins are blotted onto a membrane and specific antigens are detected by binding an antibody with a detction moledule attached
Term
flow cytometry
Definition
a technique used to detect antigens on the surface of cells (especially whit eblood cells) using antibodies with fluorescent tags
Term
incidence and prevalence of a disease
Definition
refers to the new cases and total cases normalized to 100,000 people
Term
centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta
Definition
the US center for epidemiological data
Term
World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland
Definition
the world-wide organization for epidemiology
Term
common source diseases
Definition
peak rapidly versus propagated diseases
Term
morbidity
Definition
illness
Term
mortality
Definition
death
Term
eergining diseases
Definition
many diseaseas that are new to medicine
Term
nosocomial diseases
Definition
acquired at a hospital
Term
MMR
Definition
measles, mumps, and rubella (vaccine given to children)
Term
DTaP
Definition
diptheria, pertussis, and tetanus a vaccine also given to children
Term
select agens
Definition
might be used as biological weapons for example vacillus anthracis
Term
mycoses
Definition
fungal infections that are classified according to the site of infection as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic
Term
opportunistic infections
Definition
usually occur only in imunocompromised people
Term
prions
Definition
infectious protein partlce sthat cause progressive degeneration of the CNS
Term
vectors
Definition
biting arthropods suchas mosquitoes that transmit some diseases
Term
monoclonal antibodies
Definition
produce hybridoma cells, recognize a single epitope, flourescently-labeled MABs used diagnostically
Term
serotyping
Definition
use of serum antibodies to detect and identify other molecules
Term
outbreak
Definition
sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease, sually focal or in alimited segment of population
Term
epidemic
Definition
sudden increase in frequency above expected number
Term
index case
Definition
first case in an epidemic
Term
pandemic
Definition
increase in disease occurence within large population over wide reagion
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