Term
| what are the four important reasons to measure body composition? |
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Definition
1)to assess the decrease in body fat weight that occurs in response to a weight-management program
2)to help athletes determine the best body comp for performance
3)to monitor fat and fat-free weight in patients with disease
4)to track long-term changes that occur in body fat and fat-free mass with aging |
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Term
| what are most body composition analyses are based on what? |
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Definition
| viewing the body as consisting of two separate components: fat and fat-free mass |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water, protein and mineral components |
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Term
| T/F Fat-free mass varies because of age, sex, ethnicity, level of body fatness and physical activity level. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F weight management alone can accurately determine the body fat status of a person. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of someone with an mesomorphic body type? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the ectomorphic body type. |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the endomorphic body type. |
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Definition
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Term
| body type is strongly affect by _____ with litter influence from ____ and _______. |
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Definition
genetics
lifestyle and exercise habits |
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Term
| what are some considerations for the 1983 Metropolitan weight tables? |
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Definition
1)the tables are based on specific populations that are not representative of the whole population
2)no consideration was made for cigarette smoking
3)the height-weight tables were based on the lowest mortality and did not take into account obesity
4)only initial weights were used in the determination of ideal weight |
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Term
| what are the two unique features of the USDA table of "Suggested Weight for Adults"? |
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Definition
1)one weight ranges was given for BOTH men and women
2)a separate weight range for a given heigh was listed for people 35 years and older |
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Term
| the Dietary Guidelines for Americans in 2000 and 2005 recommend the use of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| being 20% or more overweight |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio or percentage of actual weight to desirable weight |
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Term
what are the standards of relative weight?
underweight?
desirable?
overweight?
mild obesity?
moderate obesity?
severe obesity? |
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Definition
underweight=<90%
desirable-90-110%
overweight=111-119%
mild obesity=120-139%
moderate obesity=140-199%
severe obesity=>200% |
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Term
| how should body weight be measured? |
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Definition
| on a physician's balance-beam scale, with minimal clothes, and no shoes |
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Term
| how much does the weight of an average adult vary each day? |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how to properly measure height. |
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Definition
have the person stand without shoes
heels together
back straight
heels, butt, shoulders, head, against the wall
weight distributed evenly
before measurement inhale deeply |
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Term
| what is used to measure height and what does it consist of? |
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Definition
stadiometer
headboard and ruler |
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Term
| what is the common method to measure frame size? |
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Definition
| measuring the width of the elbow |
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Term
| how do you properly measure elbow width? |
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Definition
have the person stand erect, with the right arm extended forward perpendicular to the body
flex the arm to a 90 degree angle with fingers facing up and palm facing inward |
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Term
| what instrument is used to measure elbow width? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adjust the body weight for height to derive a height free measure of obesity |
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Term
| what is the r value of using BMI? |
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Definition
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Term
| define overweight in terms of BMI. |
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Definition
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Term
| define obesity in terms of BMI. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F BMI underestimate body fat in persons who are very muscular, can overestimate body fat in persons who have lost muscle mass or in patients with edema, and gives high BMI to very short people. |
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Definition
false
overestimate body fat in persons who are very muscular, can underestimate body fat in persons who have lost muscle mass or in patients with edema, and gives high BMI to very short people. |
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Term
| T/F relative risk for CVD increases in a graded fashion with increasing BMI. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____provides an independent prediction of risk over and above that of BMI. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the advantages of taking skin fold measurements? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the r value of skin fold measurements. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F skinfold measurements are taken on the left side of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the rules to taking skin fold measurements? |
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Definition
1)those with little experience should mark the site being measured
2)feel the site prior to measurement
3)firmly grasp the skin fold with the thumb and index finger of your left hand and pull away from the subjects body
4)hold the caliper in your right hand, perpendicular to the skin fold with the dial facing up. Place the caliper at least .25 in away from fingers
5)do not place caliper too deep into the skin fold or too far away on the tip of the skin fold
6)read the dial ~4 seconds after the pressure fom you hand has been released
7)take a minimum of 2 measurements at each site
8)maintain the pressure with the thumb and forefinger throughout each measurement
9)when measuring the obese it may be impossible to elevate skin fold with parallel sides
10)do not take measurements when the subject's skin is moist
11)take practice to grasp the same amount of skin consistently |
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Term
| what should you ensure before taking skin fold measurement? |
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Definition
| calipers should be accurately calibrated and have a constant pressure of 10 grams per square millimeter |
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Term
| what are some disadvantages to skin fold measurements? |
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Definition
measurement at the wrong site
inconsistencies among calipers
inconsistent equations
technician skill |
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Term
| what are the 8 skin fold sights? |
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Definition
Chest
Abdomen
Thigh
triceps
suprailiac
midaxillary
subscapular
medial calf |
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Term
| T/F the triceps skin fold has been used the most often in large population group studies where one skin fold was measured |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two most common sights used during a two-site skin fold test? |
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Definition
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Term
| why were the triceps and sub scapular sites chosen for the two-site skin fold test? |
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Definition
-correlations between sites and other measures have been consistently among the highest
-these sites are more reliable and objectively measure than most other sites
-there are available national norms |
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Term
| what is the SEE for underwater weighing? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is the most widely used lab procedure for measuring body density. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the procedures for underwater weighing? |
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Definition
1)obtain basic data (demographics)
2)take skin folds-some people have difficulty in blowing out all the air
3)give basic instructions-how it sit in the chair, underwater position
4)record the consistent underwater weight
5)determine the water density
6)determine the residual volume |
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Term
how does bioelectrical impedance work?
why is it logical? |
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Definition
sends a 50kilohertz current through the person being measured
fat mass does not conduct electricity well |
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Term
| what are the sources of error when using bioelectrical impedance? |
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Definition
instrumentation:analyzers differ
subject and environmental factors:eating and drinking cool air |
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Term
| what are the guidelines prior to a BIA measurement? |
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Definition
1)no eating or drinking within 4 hours of the test
2)no exercise within 12 hours of the test
3)urinate within 30 minutes of the test
4)no alcohol within 48 hours of the test
5)no diuretic medications within 7 days of the test
6)no testing of female clients who perceive they are retaining water
7)BIA measurements made in a room with a normal temperature |
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Term
| T/F the BIA method has been found to have about the same accuracy as the skin fold method |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how the FUTREX-5000 works. |
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Definition
| emits near-infrared light at two frequencies into the biceps area of the dominant arm, at these frequencies body fat absorbs light, while LBM reflects the light |
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Term
| what is the SEE for near-infrared light? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F near-infrared light systemically underestimates body fat percentage by as much as 2-10% with the underestimation apparent with obese clients |
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Definition
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Term
| what is male android type? |
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Definition
| apple shape, predominance of body fat in upper half of the body |
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Term
| what is the female gynoid type? |
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Definition
| pear shaped, excess body fat in the lower half of the body |
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Term
| what is the intermediate form? |
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Definition
| both upper and lower body fat predominance |
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Term
| what fat is most strongly related to negative health problems? |
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Definition
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Term
| define waist circumference. |
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Definition
| the smaller was it circumference below the ribcage and above the umbilicus, while standing with abdominal muscles relaxed |
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Term
| define hip circumference. |
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Definition
| the largest circumference of the buttocks-hip area with the person is standing |
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Term
| how is the WHR calculated? |
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Definition
| dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference |
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Term
| T/F there is good evidence that the waist circumference alone correlated highly with visceral fat and is associated with increased risk of disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F obese individuals have a higher all-cause mortality than persons with normal BMI. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F BMI discriminated fat from lean mass or abdominal from gluteofemoral fat. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____is the most commonly used clinical measure of body fat distribution, according the study. |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the study, obesity is defined as. |
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Definition
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Term
| what were the cut points for waist circumference to define elevated risk for men? for women? |
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Definition
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Term
| the large sample size in the study allowed for what? |
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Definition
model the association of waist circumference with mortality
evaluate risk within narrow bands of BMI to assess validity
estimated the potential years of life lost |
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Term
| how was waist circumference measured in the study? |
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Definition
one study measured by a technician
rest were measured why self reported data |
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Term
| what does the counterfactual method estimate? |
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Definition
| estimate survival as if assigning all participants within each sex alternately to one level of waist circumference or another |
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Term
| According to the study, waist circumference was positively associated with BMI and former smoking status and negatively associated with physical activity, whereas it was only weakly associated with prevalent disease, marital status or alcohol consumption, describes the results for men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the study, waist circumference was positively associated with higher BMI and prevalent disease, whereas it was only weakly associated with smoking status, martial status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity and was not appreciable associated with educational level, describes the results for men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F waist circumference was strongly associated with all-cause mortality for both men and women in unadjusted models. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| according to the study, what is the estimated decrease in life expectancy for men? for women? |
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Definition
~3 years for men
~5 years for women |
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Term
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Definition
| a strong positive association of waist circumference in 5-cm increments with total mortality after accounting for BMI |
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Term
| T/F waist circumference was more strongly associated with cancer mortality. |
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Definition
false
with CVD and respiratory disease mortality |
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|
Term
| what were the strengths of the study? |
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Definition
largest sample size reported to date
standardized cut points and adjustment factors
effect of confounding through stratification |
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Term
what were the limitations of the study?
which lead to what? |
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Definition
only a single measurement of waist circumference
waist circumference and BMI were self reported
underestimations of the magnitude of the mortality risks |
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Term
| T/F the results strongly suggest that BMI and waist circumference jointly serve as important predictors of mortality in the general population |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F in white adults, higher waist circumference was positively associated with higher mortality at all levels of BMI |
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Definition
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