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| group of citizens who share a common interest- a political opinion, religious, or ideological belief, social goal, or economic characteristic- and try to influence public policy to benefit themselves |
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| group that forms when an enterprising individual sees an opening or opportunity to create the group for social, political, or economic purposes |
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| group that forms in response to a perceived threat from another group, or to fight a government policy those who join believe will adversely affect them, or in response to an unexpected external event. |
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| right to freely associate with others and from groups, protected by the first amendment |
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| defined by Madison as any group that places its own interests above the aggregate interests of society |
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| right to ask the government for assistance with a problem or to express opposition to a government policy, protected by the first amendment |
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| act of trying to persuade elected officials to adopt a specific policy change, or maintain the status quo |
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| group that forms in response to an economic or political event, but does not focus on only one issue |
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| briefs filed by outside parties (friends of the court) who have an interest in the outcome of a case |
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| group formed to advance the economic status of its members |
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| interst groups that represent firms that share a common economic perspective |
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| professional associations |
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| interest groups that represent individuals who share similar jobs |
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| interest groups of individuals who share a common type of employment and seek better wages and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers |
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| national labor relations act |
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| established a federal role in monitoring and protecting working conditions, and intervening in disputes between workers and management |
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| ideological interest groups |
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| groups that form among citizens with the same belief about a specific issue |
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| groups that form to draw attention to purely public issues that affect all citizens equally |
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| groups that form to present one view on a highly salient issue that is intensely important to their members, such as gun control or abortion |
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| condition in which differences between parties and/or the public are so stark that disagreement breaks out, fueling attacks and controversy |
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| groups founded to create support for favorable US policies toward one or several foreign countries |
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| role of monitoring government actions |
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| tax-exempt groups that are prohibited from lobbying or campaigning for a party or candidate |
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| political action committees (PACS) |
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| groups formed to raise and contribute funds to support electoral candidates, subject to campaign finance laws |
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| sponsoring advertisements (issue ads)_ or distributing literature on a policy issue, rather than a specific candidate |
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| view of democratic society in which interest groups comete over policy goals and elected officials are mediators of group conflict |
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| set of groups seeking a particular benefit for themselves in the policy process |
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| view of democratic society in which only a select few interest groups shape policies in favor of a small group of wealthy or powerful citizens |
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| insular and closed relationship among interest groups, member of Congress, and federal agencies |
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| view of the relationship among interest groups, members of congress, and federal agencies as more fluid, open, and transparent than the term iron triangle |
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| movement of members of congress, lobbyists, and executive branch employees into paid positions in each other's organizations |
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| intrest group entrepreneurs |
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| individuals who expend their own time, energy, and resources to form an interest group |
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| a theory that in any organization, the leaders eventually behave in their own self-interest, even at the expense of the rand-and-file members; the larger the organization, the greater the likelihood that the leader will behave this way |
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| benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group |
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| tangible benefits available only to members of a grip, such as discounts and monthly magazines |
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| benefits to members of a group that are intangible but come from interacting with people who share similar professional or personal interests |
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| benefits to interest group members of having a specific opinion expressed in the larger social or political sphere |
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| goods or benefits provided by government from which everyone benefits and from which no one can be excluded |
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| problem faced by interest groups when a collective benefit they provide is so widespread and diffuse that members and nonmembers alike receive it, reducing the incentive for joining the interest group |
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| permanent resident card issued to those immigrants who are eligible |
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