Term
| The total water loss per day in an adult is approximately: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 60% of the body weight made up of water, about two thirds is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium is responsible for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A milliequivalent is a unit of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| d. The positive and negative charges in blood plama must be equal to each other. |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone control ECF volume by: |
|
Definition
b. sodium reabsorption
d. water reabsorption
e. Both b and d are correct |
|
|
Term
| The release of ADH is NOT stimulated by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b. pressure of blood within capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. water-pulling effect of plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
Laboratory studies of an adult reveal the following:
Plasma sodium= 110mEq/L
Plasma chloride=85mEq/L
Ect... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An individual suffers from weakness, dizziness, irritability, and intestinal cramps. Lab studies reveal the following:
Plasma sodium=138 mEq/L
Plasma potassium=6.8 mEq/L
Etc... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| d. a substance/chemical that donates a hydrogen ion or a proton to the solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. include phosphoric acid
b. contribute many H+ to the solution
e. are eliminated by renal tubules |
|
|
Term
| The blood pH is maintained near 7.4 by buffering systems. The sequence from the fastest acting to the slowest acting system is: |
|
Definition
| b. blood buffers, lungs, kidneys |
|
|
Term
| The pH of saliva is about 7 and the pH of gastric juice is about 2. How many times more concentrated is the hydrogen ion in gastric juice than in saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which would NOT shift the blood pH toward alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| c. bicarbonate ion secretion into urine |
|
|
Term
| As HCO3 shifts from the red blood cell to the blood plasma, it is expected that the plasma: |
|
Definition
| c. Cl- shifts into the red blood cell |
|
|
Term
| An elevated anion gap is associated with an accumulation of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygenated blood flows through the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hepatic vein carries blood from the: |
|
Definition
| b. liver to the vena cava |
|
|
Term
| The position of the heart in the mediastinum is: |
|
Definition
| b. between the lungs, superior to the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| The pericardial space is found between the: |
|
Definition
| c. visceral and parietal pericardium |
|
|
Term
| In the normal cardiac cycle, which of the folliwng occurs? |
|
Definition
b. the two atria contract simultaneously, whereas the two ventricles relax.
c. The two ventricles contract simultaneously, whereas the two atria relax |
|
|
Term
| The QRS complex of the EKG represents: |
|
Definition
| b. ventricular depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Durial atrial systole, the: |
|
Definition
| a. atrioventricular valves are open |
|
|
Term
| Which does NOT significantly affect heart rate? |
|
Definition
| c. atrioventricular valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. has a duaration that changes if the heart rate changes
b. usually requires less than 1 second to complete
e. Both a and b are correct |
|
|
Term
| Compared with arteries, veins: |
|
Definition
| a. have a larger diameter |
|
|
Term
| Normal systolic pressure within the left ventricle is in the range of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Backflow of blood from the arteries into the relaxing ventricles is prevented by the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Frank-Starling Law of the heart concerns the relationship between: |
|
Definition
| a. the length of the cardiac muscle fiber and the strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
| How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
b. arranged in branching networks
d. single-nucleated
e. more accessible to sodium and potassium ions |
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure is measured by the: |
|
Definition
| c. pressure exerted on the arteries by the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the correct sequence of the positions of the pulmonary circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal heartbeat is initiated by the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart predominates over parasympathetic nervous system stimulation, the heart rate will: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When blood exhibits a turbulent flow: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which factor might increase resistance to the flow of blood thru the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| b. decreased numbers of capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of cardiac muscle cells occurs because of: |
|
Definition
| b. the cell's interior becoming less negatively charged. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b. Lymph from the entire body, except for the upper right quadrant, eventually drains into the thoracic duct. |
|
|
Term
| Considering the sequence of structures through which air enters the pulmonary system, the pharynx is to the trachea as the: |
|
Definition
| d. respiratory bronchioles are to the alveolar ducts. |
|
|
Term
| The cilia of the bronchial wall: |
|
Definition
| d. propel mucus and trapped bacteria toward the oropharynx. |
|
|
Term
| As the terminal bronchioles are approached: |
|
Definition
| c. the epithelium becomes thinner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| d. is more angled than the right |
|
|
Term
| The respiratory unit consists of: |
|
Definition
| d. respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Alveoli are excellent gas exchange units because of: |
|
Definition
a. their large surface area
b. a very thin epithelial layer
c. extensive vascularization
e. a,b,and c are correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| d. facilitates alveolar expansion during inspiration |
|
|
Term
| During expiration, which relationship is true? |
|
Definition
| c. As the lung volume decreases, the pressure increases. |
|
|
Term
| When the diaphragm and external intercostal contract: |
|
Definition
| a. the inthrathoracic volume increases |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the alveolar capillary occurs because: |
|
Definition
| a. The PAO2 is less in the capillary than in the arterial blood. |
|
|
Term
| A shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: |
|
Definition
| c. improves oxygen release and increases oxygen movement into the cells |
|
|
Term
| In which sequence does PaO2 progressively decrease? |
|
Definition
| d. atmospheric air, aortic blood, body tissues |
|
|
Term
| Most O2 is carried in the blood ______;most CO2 is carried in the blood ________. |
|
Definition
| b. bound to the hemoglobin; aoociated with bicarbonate/carbonic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Alveioli are well-suited for diffusion of respiratory gases because: |
|
Definition
| d. they contain surfactant, which helps prevent alveolar collapse. |
|
|
Term
| Which ordinarily brings about the greatest increase in the rate of respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major muscles of inspiration are the: |
|
Definition
a. diaphragm
c. external intercostals
e. Both a and c are correct |
|
|
Term
| Which of the follwing increases the repiratory rate? |
|
Definition
| a. increased PaCO2, decreased pH, decreased PaO2 |
|
|
Term
| The dorsal respiratory group of nuerons: |
|
Definition
| a. sets the autonomic rhythm of respiration |
|
|
Term
| High altitudes may produce hypoxemia by: |
|
Definition
| c. decreased oxygen inspirations |
|
|
Term
| In ARDS, increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability is caused by: |
|
Definition
a. platelet-activating factor (PAF)
b. oxygen-free radicals
c. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
e. a,b,c correct |
|
|
Term
| Type II pneuomocytes damage causes: |
|
Definition
| d. decreased surfactant production |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary edema may be caused by abnormal: |
|
Definition
a. capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. capillary oncotic pressure
c. capillary permeability
e. a,b,c are correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. bronchial muscles contract |
|
|
Term
| Asthma is precipitated by which of the following inflammitory mediators? |
|
Definition
a. histamine
b. prostaglandins
c. leukotrienes
d. neutrophilic infiltration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
b. is caused by air pollutants
c. exhibits a productive cough |
|
|
Term
| Which is inconsistent with pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| b. involves only interstitial lung tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. is caused by an aerobic bacillus
b. may affect other organs
d. antibiotics may be detected by a skin test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a.obstruct blood supply to lung parenchyma
b. originate from thrombi in the legs
d. occlude pulmonary artery branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. occurs when left arterial pressure is elevated
c. shows right ventricular hypertrophy on an electrocardiogram
d. both a and c are correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. occurs in response to long-standing pulmonary hypertenion.
b. is right heart failure
c. is manifested by altered tricuspid and pulmonic valve sounds |
|
|
Term
| A lung cancer is characterized by many anaplastic figures and the production of hormones is most likely: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and bicarbonate. This patient has: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements reagrding aldosterone is TRUE? |
|
Definition
| a. It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hypokalemia? |
|
Definition
| d. Skeletal muscle contractility is increased. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is TRUE? |
|
Definition
| c. water moves freely across membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
3. Increased capillary membrane permeability
4. Lymphatic obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is TRUE? |
|
Definition
| a. Two thirds of the body's water is intracellular |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding hyponatremia? |
|
Definition
| d. It occurs when sodium drops below 135 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
| Which of the folliwing is TRUE regarding hyperchloremia? |
|
Definition
| d. Treat underlying disorder |
|
|
Term
| Which of the follwing is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia? |
|
Definition
| b. It often occurs in acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypernatremia (high sodium)? |
|
Definition
| a. excessive free water intake |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs have a major effect in decreasing the strength of cardiac contraction? |
|
Definition
| a. Calcium channel blockers |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the source of nutrients for the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following peptides has the function of regulation of sodium and water balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following arteries travels in the coronary sulcus between the left atrium and the left ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
| d. lining that is continuous with the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the correct definition of preload? |
|
Definition
| d. pressure generated by the end-diastolic volume |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the heart is resposble for electrical impulse stimulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two items are realted in the Frank-Starling law of the heart? |
|
Definition
| a. Resting sarcomere length to tension generation |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following hormones is released from the atrial tissue in response to increases in blood volume? |
|
Definition
| d. Atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following actions does NOT cause a release of renin? |
|
Definition
| a. Increase in blood pressure at the renal artery |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding the thoracic duct? |
|
Definition
| b. Receives lymph from most of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the two factors that determine cardiac output? |
|
Definition
| c. Heart rate and stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| What is the appropriate term for the "think filaments of myosin that constitute a central dark band"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the cardioinhibitory center? |
|
Definition
| b. Parasympathetic excitatory neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of Angiotensin II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following represents the measure of time from the onset of atrial activation to the onset of ventricular activation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT correct regarding autoregulation? |
|
Definition
| c. Mechanism is well documented and is related to the sympathetic system |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following structures is NOT considered part of the acinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would NOT shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following receptors monitor pH, PaCO2 and Pao2 of arterial blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a major or accessory muscle of respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the lower airways? |
|
Definition
| c. The right and left main bronchi enter the lungs at the hila |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a structure of the upper airway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding the zones of the lungs? |
|
Definition
| d. Zone 3 is in the base of the lung |
|
|
Term
| A patient has been diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia. Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects outcome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient has symmetrically dilated airways. Which type of bronchial dilation is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the appropriate term for "inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding asthma? |
|
Definition
| c. Eleven million people reported having an asthma attack in 2000 |
|
|
Term
| A patient develops excess water in her lungs. What is the most common cause of this condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding bronchiolitis? |
|
Definition
| C. It is an inflammatory obstruction of the small airways or bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| A 63-year-old man presents with a cough and dyspnea. He has been around asbestos. Which chronic condition has been associated with this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient has pus in the pleural space. She had a previous respiratory infection. What is the name for this condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient is born with a antitrypsin deficiency. Which of the following conditions will most likely manifest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is TB spread from person to person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient has been exposed to a contaminated cooling system. A large number of people in the same building have developed pneumonia. The most likely pathogen is which of the following? |
|
Definition
| a. Legionella pneumophila |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a cause of pulmonary fibrosis? |
|
Definition
| d. Upper respiratory infection |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| a. Hypersecretion of mucus |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following pathogens is consistent with nosocomial pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypercapnia? |
|
Definition
| d. Increased respiratory drive |
|
|
Term
| A patient is diagnosed with an antidiuretic hormone-producing lung tumor. Which of the following cancers is the most likely diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 19-year-old man experiences a gunshot wound to the chest. He has in increase in pressure in his chest cavity. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate description for this condition? |
|
Definition
| b. Spontaneous pneumothorax |
|
|
