Term
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Definition
| cell-to-cell contact, transfer copies of themselves to new host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| free DNA is incorporated into a recipient cell, genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteriophage, transfer DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the conjugative plasmid |
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Term
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Definition
| does not contain the conjugative plasmid |
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Term
| restriction endonulceases |
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Definition
| self-replicating DNA molecule that the cleaved fragments of DNA are ligated |
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Term
| practical apllications of DNA cloning |
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Definition
1) morphology
2) physiology (biochem tests)
3) ecology (where grows & comes from)
4) medicial importance (EX; salmonella) |
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Term
nucleic acid & protein sequencing
-small subunit ribosomal RNA
-16 S rRNA in bacteria |
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Definition
| molecular technique used to distinguish evolutionary lineages of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| fossilized mats (3.2 billion years old), consisting of lyaers of filamentous prokaryotes and trapped sediments |
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Term
| cyanobacteria: photosynthetic metabolism |
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Definition
| oxygenic photosynthesis: produces O2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cyanobacteria carry out nitrogen fixation |
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Definition
nitrogenase is extremely O2 sensitive
N2 --nitrogenase--> organic N
heterocyst: thick walled cell (resist O2 diffusion), N2 fixation, no photosynthesis apparatice
compartamentalized temporarily at diff times |
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Term
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Definition
anoxygenic photosynthesis
do NOT oxidize H2O --> O2 use other compounds
H2S, H2 organic compounds |
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Term
| anoxygenic photosynthesis |
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Definition
1) bacteriochlorophylls
2) purple & green photosynthetic bacteria |
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Term
| memromictic lakes (stratified) |
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Definition
top: cyanobacteria
mid: green & purple bacteria
bottom: sedmient |
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Term
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Definition
obligate aerobes (respiration)
NH4+ --> NO2-
-nitrosomonas
NO2- --> NO3-
-Nitrobacter |
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Term
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Definition
1) nitrifying bacteria (obligate)
2) Bacillus
2) Micrococcus (strict) |
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Term
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Definition
spiral-shaped bacteria
lophortrichouse & microaerophilic
-some are magneto lactic
magneto-somes help bacteria find a low O2 environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bacteria predators
bore through G-pores
bacteria can replicate on periplasmic space |
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Term
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Definition
| budding and peothoeate bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| budding and paeotjoeate bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs only at surfaces
-myxobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
-pigment --> antimicrobial
1) burn infections
2) cystic fibrosis (lung infections) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
photobacterium - bioluminescent (emit light)
FMNH2 + O2 + R-CHO
FMN + H2O + R-COOH |
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Term
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Definition
| salmonella typh. - typhus feverr |
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Term
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Definition
| shigella dysenteriae - bacillary dyseatary |
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Term
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Definition
human colon
strict anaerobes
predominate bacteria in mammalian intestial tract
found in rumens of sheep |
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Term
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Definition
1) bacteroides
2) Clostridium
3) methanogens (most strict) |
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Term
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Definition
-flexible, hilical-shaped
move with a "writhing" or corkscrew mulian
peroplasmic flagella or endoflagella
1) Treponema pallidum - syphilis
2) Bornetia burgdorferi - lyme disease |
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Term
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Definition
obligate intracellular parasites
may be "ATP parasites" (NOT able to grow own ATP, need host Eukaryote to do it)
1) epidemic typhus (if dislocated evacuated pop.)
2) Q fever - respiratory infection |
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Term
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Definition
obligate intracellular parasites
may be "ATP parasites" (NOT able to grow own ATP, need host Eukaryotes to do it)
1)psittacosis - parrot fever
2) trachoma - eye infection
3) chlamydophila pneumoniae - implicated in a therosclerosis, rough path with cholesterol = clots |
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Term
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Definition
1)chlamydrophila p.
2) streptococci p. |
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Term
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Definition
low G+C
1)lactic acid bacteria
-rod:
-lactobacillus
-leuconostoc
-cocci:
-streptococcus
2)mycoplasmas (mollicutes)
3)endospore-forming bacteria
-bacillus
-clostridium
4)staphylococci |
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Term
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Definition
high G+C
1)corynebacteria
2)mycobacteria
3)actinomyces
-streptomyces
4)propiomic acid bacteria
5)micrococci |
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Term
| lacteric acid bacteria fermentation |
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Definition
1) homofermenter (glucose-> LA)
2) heterogermenters (glucose -> LA, ethanol + CO2 (mix)) |
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Term
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Definition
lactic acid bacteria
can be pathogenic because they can produce hemolysins (iron acquisition)
a hemolysis = partiial
B hemolysis = complete
gamma hemolysis = none
1)B hemolytic streptococci (S. pyogenes) - strep throat
2) S. Pneumoniae - bacterial pneumonia, a hemolytic, forms diplococci under microscpoe |
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Term
| endospore-forming bacteria |
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Definition
1) baciluus
2) Clostridium |
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Term
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Definition
aerobes & facultative anaerobes
antibiotics
1)B. thuringiensis - produces an insecticidal parasporal crystal-spore coat protein, helps plants
2) B. subtilis - bacitracin
3) B. anthracis - anthrax (primarily disease in livestock beacuse it forms endospores, stord in aerosols) |
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Term
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Definition
strict anaeroves
1)C. tetani - tetanus (from rusty nails0endospores get into tissues, neurotoxins)
2)C. botulinum - botulism food poisoning (canned food, Botox: diluting toxin: freeze muscles)
3)C. perfringens - gas gangrene (tissue destruction, gas bubbles) |
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Term
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Definition
1)Bacillus
2) staphylococcus |
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Term
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Definition
Gram +
facilutative anaerobes |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) corynebacterium diphtheriaw - diphtheria (respiratory, organism colonies around thraot, carried in blood, causes organ failture to heart) |
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Term
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Definition
acid-fast due to mycolic acids in cell wall because of waxy coat
1)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2) Mycobacterium leprae - leprosy |
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Term
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Definition
antibiotic production
geosmin - "earthy odor" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gram +
strict aerobes
brightly colored colonies
carotenoid pigments |
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Term
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Definition
1)cell walls do NOT contain N-acetyl muramic acid (no peptidoglycan)
2) unusual ether-linked lipids in cell membrane (for tail hydrocarbonds, no fatty acids)
3)unique features in protein synthesis (antibiotic sensitivity of ribosomes)
-no archaea are known to cause human disease |
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Term
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Definition
4H2 + CO2 -> CH4 + 2H2O
(togenerate energy)
strict anaerobes (most strict)
live in: rumen, anaerobic sedmients, sewage digesters |
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Term
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Definition
optimal growth - 21-27% NaCl
no chlorophyll
photosynthesis
purple color - photosynthetic pigement = bacteriorhodopsin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)halophilic archaea
2) protozoa |
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Term
| hyperthermophilic archaea |
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Definition
some grow in low pH (>2) environments = acid hot springs
deep sea hydrothermal vents |
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Term
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Definition
no photosynthesis
mostly monophylic - single evolutionary lineage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
filamentous
grow best in warm, moist, acidic (ph 4-5) enviornments, most grow on dead organic matter (saoriohytes) |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular fungi
grow in high sugar environments (nectars, fruits, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mass of interwoven hyphae (fungi) |
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Term
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Definition
1) food (mushrooms, yeast, etc.)
2)antibiotics (penicillin)
3)decomposition
4)mildew
5)food spoilage
6)diseases
7)mycorrhizae ("root fungus") |
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Term
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Definition
1)sporangiospores - spores produced inside a sac (sporangium)
2) conidiospores - produced externally on the surface of a conidium |
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Term
| sexual reporduction - fungi |
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Definition
1) zygomycota (bread molds, rhizymes)
2)ascomycota (internal, in sac, breaks open & spores are released, brewers yeast)
3)bacidiomycota (fruiting,external, pinch,mushrooms)
4)deuteromycota (dont reproduce sexually) |
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Term
| fungi symbiotic relationships |
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Definition
1)lichens - similar to cynaobacteria, algae, both fungi and algae benefit
2)mycorrhizae - "root fungus" both plants & fungus benefit
3)fungus-growing ants - ants feed fungus dead organic matter |
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Term
| algae vs other eukaryotic microorganisms |
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Definition
1)contian chlorophyll
2)oxygenic photosynthesis
3)unicellular
4)colonial - contain thousands of identical cells, acts collectively, can swim in one direction
5)multicellular - includes kelps & seeweeds, can grow to macroscopic dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| protozoa vs other eukaryotic microorganisms |
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Definition
1)lack chlorophyll
2)no photosynthesis
3)obtain nutrients by absorption or ingestion
4)many are aquatic
5)some are animal parasites
6)others form symbiotic associations
7)"graze" on bacteria (predator-prey relationship)
8) some form cysts (dormant resting bodies) |
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Term
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Definition
1)most live in aquatic environments
2)some live in soil, snow fields - pschophilic |
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Term
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Definition
-symbiotic association of algae & fungus, mostly live in moist environments, like on forest tree bark or rock surfaces
adv. to fungus - C source, if alga produces sugards with a lot fo C, fungus can adapt to that, access to photosynthesized nutrients
adv. to Alga - uptake of water and inorganic nutrients to make organics, protect form excessive sunlight, fungus produced shade |
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Term
| algae important to humans |
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Definition
1)biofuels
2)food products
3)converts CO2 --> O2
4)primary producers - at base of food chain |
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Term
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Definition
-most aquatic environments are phosphate-limited nutrient
phosphat einput --> explosive algal growth("algae bloom") --> algae die
decomposed by heterotrophic bacterial -->O2 depletion, fermentation by-products
kills fish and other organisms
prevent by supplying a lot of phospate |
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Term
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Definition
1) many are aquatic
2)some are animal parasites |
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Term
| symbiotic relationship protozoa & other organisms |
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Definition
1)protozoa in rumen (ingestion in plant material)
2)termite hindguts (digesting cellulose in wood) |
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Term
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Definition
| dormant resting bodies that is formed by some protozoa (especially animal parasites) |
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Term
| protozoa sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Ex: ciliated protozoa can one or more micronuclei (germline) & macronucleus (somatic)
mitosis or meiosis -very complicated
exchange micronuclei during sexual reporduction
old macronucleus disintegrates
one micronuclei becomes new macronucleus |
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Term
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Definition
contain phyroergthrin pigment
includes Gelidium (agar) |
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Term
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Definition
feed on dead organic matter
1)acelluar - multinucleate mass of cytoplasm (plasmodium), can ooze across surfaces by amoebiod movement
2) cellular - individual amoeboid cells aggregate into pseudoplasmodium
form if nutrients run out
triggers them to al form together
fruitung body formation tat produces asexual reporductive spores |
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Term
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Definition
silica cell walls
2 part cell wall
one fits over another
importance - when they died (especially in aquatic, they settle at bottom of water called diatomeceous earth), silica walls remain, used for filtration |
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Term
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Definition
2 flagella, allows them to move through water, rotates & swirls
importance - produce "red tide", kind of bloom
produce various tupes of toxins, disease = paralytic shellfish poisoning, shellfish ingest dinoflagellates
doesnt hurt shellfish, concentrated toxins -> human consumption, have neurological effects |
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Term
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Definition
(phaeophyta)
Greek "Dusty color"
multicellular forms
gas bladdars (fills up with gas, bouancy/ to lower form light-release gas to sink)
hold fast (anchors them in place) |
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Term
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Definition
cilia short hair-like appendages on surface, beating action at the same time of each other, for mobility
mout opening (food on food by phagocytosis or ingestion)
contractile vacuole (controls osmotic balance, H2O can shoot out to avoid bursting) |
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Term
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Definition
have a tough flexible protein layer around cell-pellicle (instead of cell wall)
contain eyespot (organelle) with light sensitive pigments
move by light intensities by eyespot |
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Term
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Definition
protist
causes amoebic dysentery in intestine (infection) |
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Term
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Definition
protist
causes malaria
mosquito
insect vector
in the Anopheles mosquito (females only) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
protist
giardiases (intestinal infection)
get from drinking contaminated water, from streams in USe (backcountry) |
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Term
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Definition
protist
causes African sleeping sickness transferred by insect
insect - tsetse fly
goes into a coma & die |
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Term
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Definition
protist
Chaga's disease
in South America
insect - triatomine bug "kissing bug"
in bed sheets, bites you on the lips, Charles Darwin may have had disease |
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Term
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Definition
protist
causes leishmaniasis
attacks visceral organs or get a lot fo scarring
insect - sand fly |
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Term
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Definition
| Paris, showed TMD (tobacco mosaic disease) could be transferred to healthy plants by sap, TMD caused by filterable virus, plant virus |
|
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Term
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Definition
| TMD virus was NOT a bacterium, plant virus |
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Term
| Freidrich Loeffler & Paul Frosch |
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Definition
| hoof & motuh disease, sores in mouth, showed hoof and mouth disease were filtration viruses, animal virus |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant sacromes in chickens, caused by a filamentous irus, first to demonstrate tumor.cancer causing virus, aniaml virus |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered first bacterial viruses |
|
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Term
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Definition
| discovered first bacterial viruses named bacteriophages (ears of bacteria) |
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Term
| techniques to grow viruses in lab |
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Definition
1)cell culture
-first with bacteria, bacteriopgae plaque assay
-zone of clearing plaque
-each plaque is considered to arise from a single cilus particles
2) inoculate virus into fertilized eggs (EX; Flu virus)
3)inoculate inot live animals |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 basic shapes of virus particles |
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Definition
1)filamentous (tubular) - EX: TM virus
2)polyhedral (roughly spherical) - EX: adenoviruses (causes respiratory infections)
3)complex or combined (polyhedral head attached to a filamentous tail) -EX: bacteriophage |
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Term
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Definition
phylum: Euryarchaeota
-mathanogenes
-halophiles archaea
-hyperthermophiles
-hyperthermophiles
phylum crenarchaeota
-hyperthermophiles
phylum: koranarchaeota |
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