Term
| What are the 2 categories sense organs fall into? |
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Definition
o General Sense Organs
o Special Sense organs
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Term
| List examples of general and special senses |
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Definition
o General: Touch, temperature, pain
o Special: Vision, hearing, balance, taste, smell
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Term
| What is the function of sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| Make it possible for body to respond to internal and external stimuli |
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Term
| Define receptor potential |
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Definition
| Local potential that results from adequate stimulus on a receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
the more of a stimulus you have, the greater the response is going to be.
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Term
| What do sensory impulses that end in the brainstem affect? |
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Definition
o Affect “vital sign” reflexes
o Heart or respiratory rate
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Term
| What do sensory impulses that end in the thalamus affect? |
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Definition
| Trigger imprecise or “crude” sensations |
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Term
| What do sensory impulses that end in the cerebral cortex affect? |
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Definition
o Precise and specific awareness
§ Type of sensation
§ Exact location
§ Level of intensity
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Term
| Define adaptation and give an example: |
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Definition
· Process by which magnitude of receptor potential decreases over time in response to a continuous stimulus (example: clothing)
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Term
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Definition
| remaining aware of a particular sensation over time and interpreting that sensation |
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Term
| What are the differences in distribution of special sense receptors and general sense receptors? |
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Definition
o Special Sense Receptors:
§ Grouped into localized areas
§ Nasal mucosa, tongue
§ Grouped into complex organs
§ Eye, ear
o General Sense Receptors
§ Widely distributed throughout body
§ Skin, mucosa, connective tissue, muscles, tendons, joints, and viscera
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Term
| Define the two-point discrimination test |
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Definition
Subject reports number of pressure points felt when skin is touched with a drawing compass
o Fingertips – can discriminate between them even at 1/8 of an inch apart
o Back – has to be at least 1 inch apart to discriminate between the two points
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Term
| What are the three categories of receptors based on location? |
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Definition
o Exteroceptors
o Visceroceptors (interoceptors)
o Proprioceptors
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Term
| Where are exteroceptors located and what senses do they detect? |
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Definition
o Located at or near body surface
o Respond most frequently to stimuli that arise external to the body (example: temperature)
o Someo special sense receptors fall into this category
§ Those that detect pressure, touch, pain, and temperature
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Term
| What is another name for exteroceptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are visceroceptors located and what senses do they detect? |
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Definition
o Located internally, often within viscera
o Provide info about internal environment, such as stimuli like pressure, stretching, and chemical changes that can originate in diverse internal organs
Also involved in mediating sensations such as hunger and thirst
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Term
| Where are proprioceptors located and what senses do they detect? |
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Definition
§ Location limited to skeletal muscles, joint capsules, and tendons
o Provide info about body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch
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Term
| What are the two types of proprioceptors and what is the difference between them? |
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Definition
o Tonic proprioceptors
§ Nonadapting
§ Allow us to locate body parts (arm, foot) at rest without looking
o Phasic proprioceptors
§ Rapidly adapting
§ Triggered only when there is a change in position
§ Permit us to feel changing position of our body parts during continuous movement
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Term
| What are the six categories of receptors based on stimulus detected? |
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Definition
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
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Term
| What are the two categories of receptors based on structure? |
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Definition
Free nerve endings
Encapsulated nerve endings |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primary sensory receptors for pain |
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Term
| What are the two types of nerve fibers that carry impulses from nociceptors to the brain? Know the difference between the two. |
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Definition
o Acute or fast (A) pain fibers
§ Concentrated in skin, mucous membranes, and other superficial areas
§ Fast pain described as “sharp” pain associated with superficial injury or trauma
§ Slamming finger in car door
§ Somatic pain
o Chronic or slow (B) pain fibers
§ Develops more slowly over time
§ Described as dull or aching
§ Visceral pain
§ Originates deeper in the visceral structure
§ Can be severe if caused by intestinal obstruction or passage of kidney stone or gallstone
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Term
| What tissue of the body doesn’t contain nociceptors |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Pain felt on or near surface of body resulting from stimulation of nociceptors in deep structures
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Term
| Do thermoreceptors adapt quickly? |
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Definition
| Both hot and cold adapt quickly |
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Term
| What are root hair plexuses and how are they activated? |
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Definition
o Rapidly adapting free nerve endings
o Activated when very slight skin movements bends or deforms hair shaft or follicle surrounded by receptor
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Term
| How are itch sensations generally caused? |
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Definition
o Generally caused by chemical irritation of the nerve endings by inflammatory chemicals
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Term
| What is discriminative touch? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is descriminative touch mediated by? |
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Definition
§ Mediated by tactile disks
· Merkel disk
· Flattened or disk-shaped variation of free nerve endings
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Term
| What two cells make up the tactile receptor unit? |
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Definition
Tactile epithelial cell
Tactile disk
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Term
| What are tactile corpuscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are bulboid corpuscles? |
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Definition
1 important anatomical variant of the tactile corpuscle
Involved in touch and low frequency vibration
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Term
| What are bulbous corpuscles? |
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Definition
o 2nd anatomical variant of tactile corpuscle
Mediate sensations of crude, heavy, and persistent touch
Slow adapting ( hold steering wheel for a long time and still know it is there)
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Term
| What are lamellar corpuscles? |
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Definition
Respond quickly to deep pressure sensations, high-frequency vibration, and stretch
Adapt quickly |
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Term
| What are the two types of stretch receptors? |
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Definition
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
if length of muscle is stretched and exceeds a certain limit, result is stretch reflex.
o Shortens that muscle group
o Aids in maintenance of posture or positioning of body or extremities that often opposes gravity
This is done subconsciously |
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Term
| Define golgi tendon reflex |
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Definition
o Act in a way that opposes muscle spindles
o Stimulated by excessive muscle contraction
o Cause muscles to relax
o Protects muscles from tearing internally or pulling away from tendinous points of attachments to bone due to excessive contractile force
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What three components make up the olfactory epithelium? |
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Definition
o Epithelial support cells
o Basal cells
o Olfactory sensory neurons
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Term
| What is the typical shape of olfactory neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is olfactory epithelium located? |
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Definition
| upper portion of nasal cavity |
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Term
| Explain why olfactory epethelium makes it necessary to sniff to smell better |
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Definition
§ Most of air inhaled flows around and down nasal passageways
· Does not contact protein odorant receptors in cell membrane of odorant neurons
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Term
| Why do olfactory receptors undergo rapid adaptation? |
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Definition
o Due to inhibition of action potentials by granule cells in olfactory bulbs
o Fatigue of odorant receptors function caused by ongoing stimulation of olfactory sensory neurons
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Term
| How are senses of smell and taste closely related? |
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Definition
o Neural inputs from both olfactory and gustatory (taste) receptors travel in common areas of the brain
§ olfactory sensations are produced in the temporal lobes
§ Taste sensations are produced in the parietal lobes
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Term
| What are the sense organs for our sense of taste? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the four classes of taste buds based on structure? |
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Definition
o Fungiform papillae
o Filliform papillae
o Foliate papillae
o Circumvallate papillae
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Term
| What is the name of a chemical that stimulates taste buds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are gustatory cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five primary taste sensations? |
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Definition
| Sour, sweet, bitter, umami (savory), and salty |
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Term
| What are the three cranial nerves that are involved in transmitting signals for taste? |
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Definition
o Facial nerve
o Glossopharyngeal nerve
o Vagus nerve
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Term
| which area of the tongue (or other structure) does facial nerve transmit signals from? |
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Definition
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Term
| which area of the tongue (or other structure) does Glossopharangeal nerve transmit signals from? |
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Definition
§ Posterior 1/3 of tongue
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Term
| which area of the tongue (or other structure) does vagus nerve transmit signals from? |
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Definition
§ Carry taste sensations from limited number of taste buds located in walls of pharynx and on the epiglottis
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Term
|
Definition
| combined sense of smell and taste |
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Term
| What two senses does the ear provide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receptor in the ear is responsible for both of these senses? |
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Definition
o Hair cells (mechanoreceptors)
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Term
| What are the three anatomical divisions of the ear? |
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Definition
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear |
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the external ear? |
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Definition
1. Auricle or pinna
2. External acoustic meatus (ear canal) |
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Term
| What is the tympanic membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three auditory ossicles? |
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Definition
1. Malleus (hammer)
2. Incus (anvil)
3. Stapes (stirrup) |
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Term
| What are the openings of the middle ear? |
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Definition
o External acoustic meatus
o Oval window
o Round window
o Auditory tube
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Term
| What is the function of the auditory or Eustachian tube? |
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Definition
§ Equalizing pressure between inner and outer surface of the eardrum
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Term
| What are the two main parts of the inner ear? What structures are in each of these parts? |
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Definition
o Bony labyrinth
§ Vestibule
§ Cochlea
§ Semicircular canals
o Membranous labyrinth (inside the body labyrinth)
§ Utricle and saccule (inside the vestibule)
§ Cochlear duct (inside cochlea)
§ Semicircular ducts (inside semicircular canals)
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Term
|
Definition
· Clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills membranous labyrinth
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|
Term
|
Definition
o Similar to CSF
o Surrounds membranous labyrinth
o Fills space between membranous tunnels and body walls that surround them
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Term
| What structure of the inner ear is the only one involved in hearing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of the two sections the cochlear duct divides the cochlea into? |
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Definition
o Scala vestibuli (vestibular duct) is upper section
o Scala tympani (tympanic duct) is lower section
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Term
| What is the roof of the cochlear duct called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the floor of the cochlear duct called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the organ of Corti? |
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Definition
o hearing sense organ
o AKA spiral organ
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Term
|
Definition
o Volume: height or amplitude of sound wave
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Term
|
Definition
o frequency of sound waves
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Term
| The basilar membrane’s width is not uniform. What functional purpose does this serve? |
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Definition
o Different frequencies of sound cause different places of basilar membrane to vibrate and bulge upward
o This explains how different groups of hair cells respond to specific frequencies of sound
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Term
| How are differences in volume perceived? |
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Definition
| Different degrees of loudness is determined by movement of more hair cells on basilar membrane because of high sound wave amplitude at any particular point |
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Term
| Describe the pathway of sound waves from when they enter the external auditory canal to where they finally hit the round window |
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Definition
o Enter external auditory canal
o Hit tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate
§ Moves malleus à incus à stapes through oval window
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Term
| Where are the sense organs for equilibrium located? |
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Definition
| in the vestibule and semicircular canals |
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Term
| Define static equilibrium: |
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Definition
o Senses position of head relative to gravity
o Sense acceleration of deceleration of body
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Term
| Define dynamic equilibrium |
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Definition
o Maintains balance when head or body itself is rotated or suddenly moved
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|
Term
|
Definition
| small patchlike strip of epithelium found within utricle and saccule |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscular responses to restore body and body parts to normal positions |
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Term
| What is the crista ampullaris? |
|
Definition
o aka ampullary crest
o Located in ampulla of each semicircular duct
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Term
|
Definition
| medical practice specialty concerned with pathologic conditions of the eye |
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Term
| What are the four accessory structures of the eye? |
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Definition
o Eyebrows
o Eyelashes
o Eyelids
o Lacrimal apparatus
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Term
| What are the three external eye structures |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| mucous membrane that lines each lid |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus |
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Definition
· Consist of structures that secrete tears and drain them from surface of eyeball
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Term
| What is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles |
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Definition
| Move eyeball in any direction; voluntary |
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Term
| What is the function of the intrinsic eye muscles? |
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Definition
| Control iris and ciliary muscles; involuntary |
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Term
| What are the muscles of the intrinsic eye muscle group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three layers of tissues that compose the eyeball? |
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Definition
o Fibrous layer
o Vascular layer
o Inner layer
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Term
|
Definition
o anterior portion of the sclera
o Lies over colored portion of the eye, the iris
o Transparent
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hole-shaped opening in middle of iris |
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Term
|
Definition
| Incomplete innermost coat of eyeball |
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Term
| What three layers of neurons make up the sensory retina? |
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Definition
o Photoreceptor cells
§ deepest
o Bipolar cells
o Ganglion cells
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Term
| What are the two types photoreceptor cells of the eye called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the optic disk known as the blind spot? |
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Definition
| Doesn't contain photoreceptors (rods or cones); no light can be seen |
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Term
| What are the 2 main cavities of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
anterior cavity
posterior cavity |
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Term
| What are the 2 subdivisions of the anterior cavity of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
anterior chamber
posterior chamber |
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Term
|
Definition
· Clear, watery substance; Often leaks out when eye is injured
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|
Term
|
Definition
· Consistency of soft gelatin; Along with aqueous humor, helps maintain sufficient intraocular pressure to prevent eyeball collapse
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Term
|
Definition
· Normally, rate of aqueous humor formation equals the rate of its draining out of the anterior chamber. Sometimes, things can go wrong that would cause this to not balance and intraocular pressure increase. If untreated can lead to retinal damage and blindness. Excess formation or decreased drainage is the immediate cause.
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Term
| What are the four processes focus light rays so that a clear image is formed on the retina? |
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Definition
o Refraction of light rays
o Accommodation of the lens
o Constriction of the pupil
o Convergence of the eyes
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Term
| What are the refracting media of the eye? |
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Definition
o Cornea
o Aqueous humor
o Lens
o Vitreous humor
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Know what 20/20, 20/15 and 20/200 mean in terms of visual acuity |
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Definition
§ 20/20 (normal): someone can see at 20 ft what a person of normal vision could see at 20 ft
§ 20/15 (better than normal): individual can see at 20 ft what a normal person would see at 15 ft
§ 20/200 (legally blind): 20/200 (legally blind): individ can see only at 20 ft what a normal person could see at 200 ft
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Term
| What are common errors of refraction? |
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Definition
o Nearsightedness (myopia)
o Farsigntedness (hyperopia)
Astigmatism |
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Term
| What three changes must occur for near vision? |
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Definition
o Increase in curvature of lens
o Constriction of the pupils
o Convergence of the 2 eyes
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Term
| How do the ciliary muscles affect lens shape? |
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Definition
o Contraction pulls choroid layer closer to lens
§ Allows lens to bulge
§ Near vision
o Relaxation increases tension of suspensory ligaments
§ Lens lies flat
§ Far vision
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs due to continual use of the eyes for near work; prolonged contraction of ciliary muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| constriction of pupil for near vision |
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Term
| Define photopupil or papillary light reflex |
|
Definition
| constriction of pupil in response to bright light |
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Term
| What is binocular vision and how is it achieved? |
|
Definition
o Seeing 1 object instead of 2 when both eyes are used
o Occurs with light from object falls on corresponding spots on the 2 retinas
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of 2 eyeballs inward so that visual axes converge at the object viewed. The nearer the object, the greater the degree of convergence needed to maintain single vision. |
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Term
| What can all light-sensitive pigmented compounds be broken down into? |
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Definition
o glycoprotein (opsin)
o vitamin A derivative (retinal)
§ Light absorbing portion of all photopigments
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Term
| What photopigment is found in rods? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Does the brain perceive color or “black and white” vision from rods? |
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Definition
· Black and white; sensitive in dark
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|
Term
| What are the three types of cones? |
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Definition
o Blue-sensitive cones
o Green-sensitive cones
o Red-sensitive cones
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Term
| Does the brain perceive color or “black and white” vision from cones? |
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Definition
| Color; sensitive in light |
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