Term
Ptolemy's Geography:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Ptolemy
• Where: All of Europe
• When: Made in 2nd century C.E but used in europe in 15th century.
• What Happened:
○ Was the latin translation of the work.
○ Printed editions were available in late 15th century despite the map being made in 2nd century.
○ First to show spherical world with three land masses, Africa, Europe, Asia.
○ Only had two oceans and underestimated the circumference of the earth.
• HS:
○ Was considered the most accurate map at the time.
○ Columbus based his voyage and calculations on this map. |
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Term
Voyages of Columbus:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Columbus
• Where: Spain and the Americas
• When: Late 15th-early 16th century
• What Happened:
○ Columbus Believed circumference of earth was less than it actually was, and that asia was bigger than it actually was so he convinced isabella of spain to finance his journey to "asia." Columbus was turned down by other monarchs because all the other monarchs believed that the distance between Europe and Asia was too great and too expensive and too risky.
○ 1492 set sail and reached the bahamas, cuba, and hispaniola however, he thought It was asia. (called them the indies)
○ He convinced isabella to let him go back three more times after his first time because he said he could convert the natives to catholicism.
• HS:
○ Led to later explorers realizing that he discovered a totally new frontier
○ Let to european interaction with the new world and its people
○ Some people think he was the cause for the invasions and loss of life of the natives in the New World |
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Term
Hernan Cortes:Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Hernan Cortes
• Where: tenochtitlan, aztec empire
• When: early 16th century
• What Happened:
○ When cortes arrived, the aztec leader moctezuma thought cortes was a god so the aztec leader was friendly and generous towards cortes and his men and gave them many riches.
○ Cortes took moctezuma hostage and pillaged the city until he was driven out in 1520
○ Left diseases such as smallpox in the aztec empire, thus the aztecs died because of their lack of immunity towards these diseases
• HS:
○ Led to the fall of the aztec empire
○ Brought diseases to the area
○ Led to Spanish control of the entirety of northern mexico. |
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Term
Encomienda System:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Queen isabella, native americans
• Where: inca empire, peru
• When: mid 16th century
• What Happened:
○ Isabella declared natives to be subjects of castile, so made the encomienda system because she didn’t want her subjects treated horribly
○ Was an economic and social system allowing the spanish to get tribute from natives and use them for labor
○ In return, in theory, the spaniards were supposed to protect the natives, pay wages, and supervise spiritual needs (i.e show them christianity)
○ However, spaniards in the new world ignored the system and exploited the natives for economic gain without giving them protection or any other agreed terms.
• HS:
○ Because of labor, starvation, from the abuse of the encomienda, there were huge population losses of natives.
○ Gave spaniards much power over native americans |
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Term
Triangular Trade:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: European travelers and explorers
• Where: new world, europe, africa
• When: 16th-18th century
• What Happened:
○ Slaves were traded from africa to new world to satisfy labor needs
○ European merchant ships carried European manufactured goods such as guns, gin, and cloth, to africa
§ In return, african slaves would be taken to america
§ This passage was called the middle passage
○ The slaves would then be traded for raw materials that would go back to Europe
• HS:
○ Led to dramatic growth in number of slaves and growth in death of slaves
○ Characterized the new atlantic economy
○ Violence in africa increased |
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Term
Sugarcane Plantations:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: slaves
• Where: carribbean
• When: 18th century
• What Happened
○ Were called "sugar factories"
○ British colony of jamaica in the last 2 decades of the 18th century made 50,000 tons of sugar annually
§ The colony used 200,000 slaves
○ French colony St. Domingue (haiti) had 500,000 slaves on 3,000 plantations that together produced 100,000 tons of sugar a year
• HS:
○ Large income in industry
○ High death rate of slaves
○ Led to first successful slave revolt in 1793 at St. Domingue |
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Term
Mughal Empire:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: babur and akbar
• Where: indian subcontinent
• When: 16th-17th century
• What Happned:
○ 1498, indian subcontinent was divided into many kingdoms
○ Later, the kingdoms were brought together by the mughals
○ Founders of mughal empire were from the north ganges region
○ Founder was babur
○ His father descended from an asian conquerer and his mother from genghis khan
○ His grandson akbar was the one who brought the mughals to india
• HS:
○ Made best indian empire and most united in the past 2000 years
○ Became part of british empire and trade |
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Term
Missionaries:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: missionaries
• Where: everywhere in the world
• When: 16th-18th century
• What Happened:
○ In order to convert natives to catholicism, missionaries spread out across the spanish empire
○ Brought indians into villages where they were converted
§ Taught the indians trades, and how to grow crops
○ Allowed missionaries to control the lives of indians and to make sure they wouldn’t revolt
○ Catholic church made hospitals, orphanages, and schools
○ Christian missionaries went to china--jesuits were most accepted in china
§ Christians were sucessful in china at first but the chinese eventually suppressed chrisitian activities.
○ In japan, the missionaries were sucessful at first but when the missionaries attempted to interfere in politics, they were kicked out and christianity was banned
○ Mainland asian states were able to supress advances made by euroepans because they had concrete central governmental structures that made them more powerful than island states.
• HS:
○ Led to growth of Christianity across the world; especially among new world |
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Term
Columbian Exchange:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Merchants
• Where: americans and europe
• When: 16th-18th century
• What Happened:
○ Was the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between europe and americas
○ Europeans brought horses, cattle, and wheat to the new world
○ In return for new agricultural prodcuts, like potatoes, chocolate, corn, tomatoes, and tobacco.
○ Potatoes became a staple because they were great for health because they were rich in nutrients and abundant
• HS:
○ Because of great increase in health of european diets, people were able to survive on smaller plots of land, (diminshed the role of the necessity of a lot of land)
○ Impact of improved health led to population growth |
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Term
Mercantilism:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: mercantilists
• Where: all of europe
• When: 17th century
• What Happened:
○ The name used to describe the dominant use of specific economic practices
○ important belief was that the total volume of trade was unchangeable
○ Mercantilists said that the prosperity of a nation depended and was evaluated upon the supply of bullion (gold and silver)
○ Wanted to export more than they import in order to gain bullion
○ Economic growth mostly depended on gov involvement
• HS:
○ Colonies became very valuable because they were sources of raw materials
○ Led to more trade between europe and other nations which lead to more wealth and new goods becoming available to both the rich and the poor
○ From then on, economy became much more regulated by the government, including more taxes on imports and exports
○ Cost more money to buy stuff from outside your own country |
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Term
Peace of Westphalia
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: all parties in the 30 years war
• Where: holy roman empire
• When: mid-17th century
• What Happened:
○ Marked end of thiry years war in germany
○ Let all german states be free to determine their own religion
○ France, sweden, and the german states, all gained territories while the habsburgs lost some authority
○ All 300 states that made up holy roman empire were now effectively independent
○ Holy roman emperor was now just a figurehead
• HS:
○ Religion and politics became separate
○ The pope was ignored with relation to political and governmental stuff
○ Political motives guided public affairs
○ Changed territorial layout of europe |
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Term
Louis XIV
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Louis XIV
• Where: france
• When: mid 17th century to early 18th century
• What Happened:
○ Was a great absolutist monarchist
○ Created amazing court of versailles
○ Louis and his court set standards for the rest of europe
○ Louis had given himself alone the control of the government
○ This gave him authority over foreign policy, making of war and peace, and the ability to levy taxes
○ He preoccupied policy makers with court life at versailles thus he had much power
○ He warred against huguenots and expelled protestants and destroyed their churches
○ Had a lot of unsuccessful expensive wars that gained little territory
○ Colbert helped Louis XIV improve the economy
• HS:
○ He shaped the political affairs of Europe because of his power
○ Made a court and government called Versailles that set standards for all
○ His monarchy was stable, something unusual at the time
○ Made france 100% catholic
○ His wars hurt the french state |
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Term
Versailles
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Louis XIV, nobles
• Where: Versailles, near Paris
• When: late 17th to early 18th century
• What Happened:
○ Was the court of louis XIV
○ Was a converted hunting lodge that took 72 years to build
○ Residence of the king, reception hall for state affairs
○ Place where powerful subjects found favors and offices for themsleves
○ Arena where aristocratic factions fought for power
○ Offive building for members of kings gov
○ Home to many state officials and aristocrats
• HS:
○ Louis used versailles as a distraction for the nobles so that he could make policies and have all of the power of the french government
○ Set standards for later rulers
○ Symbol of the french absolutist states and showed french superiority
○ Impressed and created envy among foreigners |
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Term
Amsterdam
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Dutch
• Where: Amsterdam
• When: 17th-18th century
• What Happened:
○ Start of 17th century became the commercial and financial capital of the world
○ There was rapid population growth in the 17th century, greatly expanding the city
§ There were 30,000 people in Amsterdam in 1570, by 1660, there were 200,000
○ Had innovative ships called fluyts that could transport large amounts of goods
○ Became crossroads of European products
○ 1609, exchange bank of amsterdam and later amsterdam stock exchange
○ Amsterdam had a lot of ships which attributed to its economic prosperity
○ Turned raw materials into finished goods
• HS:
○ All of its innovations and its amount of people led it to be the financial and commerical capital of europe
○ Improved europes overall economy
○ Increased the influx of raw materials into europe |
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Term
Glorious Revolution:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: William of Orange and Mary
• Where: England
• When: late 17th century
• What Happened:
○ Group of 7 english noblemen invited william of orange, husband of James II's daughter Mary, to invade England
○ Invasion had almost no bloodshed
○ After a successful invasion, parliament declared the throne vacant by the revolution settlement and made William and Mary the monarchs of England under the condition that they accept the bill of rights, giving parliament a lot of power
§ Bill of rights said that the kings could not oppose parliaments power and its decisions
○ Toleration act of 1689 allowed puritans to worship
• HS:
○ Bill of Rights laid foundation for a constitutional monarchy
○ Ended fight between king and parliament
○ Ended some religious persecution
○ King could no longer interfere with elections of parliament or parliament itself |
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Term
Baroque:
Who
Where
When
What
HS |
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Definition
• Who: Peter Paul Rubens, Europeans, Bernini, gentilischi
• Where: italy, moved out to europe
• When: 17th century
• What Happened:
○ Replaced mannerism and eventually spread to all of Europe and latin america as dominant artistic style.
○ Embraced by catholic reform
○ Brought ideals of renaissance art together w/ spiritual feelings of religious reform
○ Used dramatic effects to arouse emotions
○ Churches+palaces richly detailed to make ppl in awe of their power
○ Peter paul rubens helped spread the baroque
○ Greatest figure of the barqoue was gian lorenzo bernini who completed st peters' basilics
○ Baroque art Brought together classical ideal of renaissance art with spiritual feelings of the 16th century religious revival
• HS:
○ Changed the artistic style and focus all over europe and latin america. |
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Term
| The Journals of Christopher Colombus |
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Definition
○ When: Late 15th century
○ Author: Christopher Colombus
○ Historical Context: Isabella and Ferdinand sent Columbus to the new world. Colombus thought he had gone all the way to Asia but instead he had just discovered the new world.
○ Summary: it took Columbus much more time than previously thought to arrive at the new world. They were ready to turn back but they saw signs of land and continued on. They landed and stuck a cross in the land, claiming it as theirs. They see the natives and think they are innocent and friendly. They trade gold and other precious stuff for beads, trifles, and parrots. The natives did not know how to use weapons correctly and did not seem to have a religion. Appeared to be like nice little children. Because of this observation. Columbus is convinced he can convert them to Catholicism. Colombus strove to learn if they had any gold. The natives told him that there was an abundance of gold on an island somehere else. |
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Term
| The Spanish conquistador: Cortes and the conquest of Mexico |
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Definition
○ When: Early 16th century
○ Author: Hernan Cortes
○ Historical Context: hernan cortes went to the new world and overthrew the aztec empire in mexico. Throughout he time there, he wrote a series of five reports to justify his actions during this time. This description was one of the reports.
○ Summary: describes tenochtitlan as being in the middle of a lake. It is as big as seville or cordoba. Tenochtitlan has many huge market squares. More than 60,000 people buy and sell each day at the markets. They sold precious metals, herbs. There were apothecaries and barbershops. Despite not having connection to the true god and spain, they were very orderly and respected by cortes. However, this lack of connection to god and spain justifies cortes' actions. Also, he justifies overthrowing the aztec empire by saying that there is an abundance of gold in this region. |
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Term
| Spanish Treatment of the American Natives |
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Definition
○ When: Early 16th Century
○ Author: Las Casas
○ Historical Context: las casas was part of the conquest of cuba but changed his views during the conquest and came to think that the indians were being cruelly treated. He became a dominican friar and spent his life fighting for the indians
○ Summary: Las Casas exaggerates the truth about the cruelty to the Natives in order to get his point across. The indians are slaves and treated horribly. I.e they dive for pearls and then sharks eat them. |
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Term
| Buying and transporting africans |
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Definition
○ When: 17th century
○ Author: 2 17th century slave traders
○ Historical Context: Slavery was an important part of triangular trade. Slaves were often treated as objects rather than people.
○ Summary: The first trader talks about the slaves as if they were objects or products. He narrates the slave trade as a process rather than a human experience. The first trader considers the slaves "poor wretches" and exercised harsher treatment of the slaves than the second trader. The second trader talks about the slaves as is they were human. He acknowledges that they have emotions and describes these emotions and treats them life humans i.e when he invites them to dance. The second trader does not think that there is any value in one color or another. He justifies his less harsh treatment of the natives by saying if you treat them as humans they will be more likely to survive the journey. The second trader acknowledges that it is not the slaves' fault that they are slaves. The second trader only does this for money whereas the 1st trader does it for money and social justice. |
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Term
| England's treasure by forraign trade. |
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Definition
○ When: mid 17th century century
○ Author: Thomas Mun
○ Historical Context: Mercantilism is becoming the dominant economic theory and practice.
○ Summary: England is receiving raw materials from the new world. England than is able to make processed materials and export these materials to other countries. The key part of mercantilism is to export more than you import in order to acquire the most bullion, which was effectively the currency of mercantilism. |
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Term
| True Law of Free Monarchies and a speech to parliament |
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Definition
○ When: Late 16th century
○ Author: James I
○ Context: james was a ruler of scotland and king of england. He ruled through absolutist beliefs. Absolutism was becoming the popular way to rule.
○ Summary: James talks about the absolute power of the king. The king can controll the life and death over subjects. The kings power comes from god so kings are viewed as gods by god. Kings are above the law. God rules through the king. The king is not bond to the law but will abide by the law because of his good will. James was a divine-right monarchist and an absolutist. |
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Term
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Definition
○ When: 17th century
○ Author: thomas hobbes
○ Context: thomas hobbes was a political scientist. Influenced by the new scientific thought that saw mathematical knowledge as the avenues to truth. He studied human nature and aimed at constructing political philosophy on a scientific foundation and rejected the authority of tradition and religion as inconsistent with a science of politics.
○ Summary: hobbes says human nature is naturally bad and if they arent ruled they will be at war with each other. Humans must give consent to the absololute power of a king for this to work. However, god and divine power is not involved in this. Rejected the idea that the state should not be obeyed when it violated god's law. State takes priority over god. Leviathan is a rational and political statement. People are reluctant to change their ways because because passion, not reason, governs their behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
○ When: Late 17th century
○ Author: William, Mary, Parliament
○ Context: william and mary invaded england because seven noblemen invited them to invade england. Then, after a successful invasion, James II, a catholic, had to flee and parliament declared the throne vacant. They asked William and Mary to take throne under the condition that they sign the bill of rights. The bill of rights gave parliament more power and laid the foundations for a constitutional monarchy.
○ Summary: William of Orange saved England from Catholicism and arbitrary and absolutist power. The king cannot make laws or take laws away without the consent of parliament. King needs consent to levy taxes (because of issue with charles I). Parliament must meet occassionally. (because of incident under charles I in which parliament did not meet for 11 years. Enforced freedom of speech. |
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