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| The cell is the smallest unit of life and all cells come from pre-existing cells. |
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| Everything toward the INSIDE of the plasma membrane. |
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| made of chains of the sugar GLUCOSE |
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| Cells are organized into: |
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| Cell division occurs (this is a specific region) |
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| AKA Lateral Meristems. Located in the middle of the plant |
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| Three basic tissue types in plants |
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| Outer skin (one of the three basic tissue types in plants) |
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| Plumbing (one of the three basic tissue types in plants) |
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| Everything else (one of the three basic tissue types in plants) |
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| Vegetative & Reproductive |
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| Plant organs c an be grouped into two types... |
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| Serve as support and develop from stem above ground. They are adventitious roots. Ex. Banyan trees, fig trees, and corn |
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| Roots that grow off stem above ground. |
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| Carry air to underground parts through "aerenchyma." Ex. Mangrove Root System with the Black Mangrove Tree. Cypress Knees from Cypress trees are another example. |
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| Rhizomes, Tubers, Bulbs, Thorns, and Stolons |
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| Anchor roots on host stems. |
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| Help to pull bulb underground. Ex. Corn, Water Hyacinth |
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Store sugars and starches. Ex. Carrots & Sugar Beets
They're what makes carrots "hairy" |
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| Typically above-ground portion of plant and tend to grow away from pull of gravity. All of these have vascular tissue and also buds. They also always have LENTICELS |
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| Undeveloped tissue with apical meristem |
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| Loosely arranged (torn) epidermal cells. Helps gas diffusion into stem. Located on surface of stem. |
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| Horizontal underground stem. Ex. Iris |
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| Thickened end of rhizome. Ex. Potatos |
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| Shortened, fattened underground stem with overlapping leaves. Mostly leaf tissues. Ex. Onions |
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| Sharp stem with no leaves. Modified stems with vascular tissue. Ex. Honey Locust Tree |
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| Horizontal above-ground stems growing along surface, making new plants. AKA runners. Ex. Strawberries & grass |
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| have axillary buds on the stem at their base |
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| Alternate Leaf Attachment |
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| Vascular tissue in leaf is arranged like a "net" |
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| Vascular tissue is arranged in parallel lines. |
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| Bud Scales, Spines, Petal-like, Tendrils, Fleshy, Succulent. Ex. Spinach, Celery, Iceberg Lettuce, Rhubarb, Cabbage |
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| On a cactus are leaf midribs without the blade |
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| Modified epidermal cells and have no vascular tissue inside of them. (pointy things on a rose) |
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| Grab supporting structures Ex. Sweet Peas |
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| Leaves of bulbs such as the onion. Storage of food materials and water. |
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| Modified for water storage as well as photosynthesis. Ex. Stone plants |
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| Tiny modified leaves that cover new growth during Winter |
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| Carnivorous Pitcher Plant |
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| Holds water, drowns insects, then digests them |
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| Characterized by large biodiversity in plants, animals, and insects and LOTS of manual labor, low chemical input, lots of recycling of matter. |
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| Characterized by low biodiversity (monocultures), high input of fertilizers, fuels, pesticides, irrigation, low requirement for human power. |
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| Needed in larger amounts (>0.05% dry weight) Ex. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium |
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| Needed in smaller amounts |
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| Yellowing of leaf known as chlorosis. Typically shown first in older leaves. Ex. Hemp |
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| Typically shown first in younger leaves. Ex. Soybean. |
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| No humans. Soil nutrients are generally recycled over and over. |
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| With humans. Many soil nutrients are NOT recycled, they are removed with the crop. |
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| Excess nutrients in water cause algae to grow. Algae die and decay through bacterial action. Bacterial population explodes consuming oxygen. Fish and other creatures in water die due to lack of oxygen. |
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| Agricultural waste from Mississippi River watershed ends up on the Gulf of Mexico. Covers up to 6-7,000 square miles. |
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| Agricultural soil, raindrops falling on exposed soil, offroad destruction, overgrazing, excessive uncontrolled logging. |
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| Happened because of a change in climate and abuse of the land. Mainly affected Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, & Colorado. Cause dust storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota. |
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Today: 6.5 billion
2050: 9.3 billion |
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| Agricultural Sustainability |
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| "feed" ourselves today without compromising the ability of future generations to "feed" themselves FOREVER. |
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AKA the opposite of sustainability. 1950s-1970s.
1.) Plant monocultures of highly bred crops.
2.) Use lots of fertilizer, pesticides and water.
3.) Do multiple cropping per year if possible.
4.) Develop fast-growing dwarf crops, especially in tropical/subtropical developing countries. |
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| Industrialized Farming Uses: |
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1.) Lots of cheap fuels (gasoline, diesel, coal)
2.) Lots of pesticides
(chemicals that kill) |
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| Considering ALL commercialization of FOOD involved in the US... |
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| Energy used is 10 times more than the energy contained in the food! |
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| Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland. Fish kills from pesticide runoff. Killing of wild predators to protect Livestock. Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop Strains with a few monoculture strains. |
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| Erosion, loss of fertility, salinization, waterlogging, desertification. |
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| Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil Fuel issue. Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use. Killing of wild predators to protect livestock. Pollution form pesticide sprays. |
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| Aquifer depletion. Increased runoff and flooding form land cleared to grow crops. Sediment pollution from erosion. Fish kills from pesticide runoff. Surface and groundwater pollution form pesticides and fertilizers. Overfertilization of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes. |
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| Technology based on biology |
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| Traditional Biotechnology |
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| At least 6000 years old. Uses natural actions of living organisms to create something useful for humans like bread, wine, beer, cheese. |
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| Began in the early 1970s. Uses new molecular biology techniques to modify the genetic makeup of living organisms for the creation of novel biochemicals and organisms useful (sort of) for humans. |
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| Early plant breeders did simple things like... |
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1.) Select seeds from largest or best producing plants for next year.
2.) Controlled pollination leading to new varieties of plants. |
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Plants in the Wild
(wild-type) |
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Have HIGH genetic diversity (lots of variation)
Tend to reproduce just fine without humans to help them.
Ex. Barley, Open-Pollinated Corn |
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Domesticated Varieties of wild-type plants |
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Have LOW genetic diversity (little variation)
Used to develop new types of plants that are better suited to specific environments and for humans to consume or use them. Very different from wild progenitors. Most can't reproduce by themselves any more. They need humans. |
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GMO
Genetically Modified Organism |
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| Bacterium, plant, or animal whose deoxyribonucleic acid has been deliberately altered. AKA Genetically Engineered Organism (GEO). |
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| Subset of GMOs, are organisms which have instered DNA that originated in a different species. |
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| GMOs containing no DNA from other species. NOT transgenic! |
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(Breyer's ice cream) uses GM YEAST to grow antifreeze proteins based on a gene from the ocean (cold water arctic fish)<-No proper human safety trials have ever been carried out.
Protein is used to improve the consistency & storage properties of its ice cream. |
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| Causes cow mastitis, more antibiotics used, and can increase early puberty and also incidence of cancer in adults, especially breast cancer. |
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| A genetically modified Yorkshire pig able to digest plant phosphorus more efficiently. Has phytase, breaks down Phosphorus compounds allowing pig to absorb more phosphorus. |
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| Gene that came from Escherichia coli bacteria and a promoter gene from a mouse. The protein breaks down Phosphorus. |
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| How many Americans get sick from tainted food every year? |
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| How many of the 48 million Americans w/ food poisoning are hospitalized? |
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| How many of the 48 million Americans w/ food poisoning die? |
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| Most abundant protein in human blood. |
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| Produce antithrombin (a blood thinner) |
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