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Definition
The combination of skills and equipment that managers use in the design, production, and distribution of goods and services
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| Outcomes of changes in the technology that managers use to design, produce or distribute goods and services. |
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| Pressures emanating from social structure of a country or society or from the national culture. |
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| The routine social conventions of everyday life. |
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| Norms that are considered to be central to the funcationing of society and to social life. |
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| A worldview that values thrift and persistence in achieving goals. |
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| A worldview that values personal stability or happiness and living for the present |
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| A worldview that values assertiveness, performance, success, and competition |
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| A worldview that values the quality of life, warm personal friendships, and services and care for the weak. |
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| Programmed Decision Making |
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Definition
| Routine, virtually automatic decision making that follows established rules or guidelines. |
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| Nonprogrammed Decision Making |
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Definition
| Nonroutine decision making that occurs in response to unusual, unpredictable opportunites and threats. |
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| A decision that takes up time and effort to make and results from careful information gathering, generation of alternatives, and evaluation of alternatives. |
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| Classical Decision-making model |
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Definition
| A prescriptive approach to decision making based on the assumption that the decision maker can identify and evaluate all possible alternatives and their consequences and rationally choose the most appropriate coure of action. |
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| An approach to decision making that explains why decision making is inherently uncertain and risky and why managers usually make satisfactory rather than optimum decisions. |
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| Cognitive limitations that constrain one ability to interpet, process and act on information. |
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| Searching for and choosing an acceptable, or satisfactory, response to problems and opportunities, rather than trying to make the best decision. |
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| Rules of thumb that simplify decision making |
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| A decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face-to-face but respond in wrinting to questions posed by the group leader. |
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| Focused low-cost strategy |
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Definition
| Serving only one segment of the overall market and trying to be the lowest-cost organization serving that segment. |
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| Focused differentiation strategy |
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Definition
| Serving only one segment of the overall market and trying to be the most differentiated organization serving that segment |
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| Entering a new industry to create a competitive advantage in one or more of an organizations existing divisions or businesses. |
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| The process by which managers decide how to devide tasks into specific jobs |
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| The process of reducing the number of tasks that each worker performs |
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| Increasing the number of different tasks in a given job by changing the division of labor |
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| Increasing the degree of responsibility a worker has over his job. |
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| Formal target setting, monitoring, evaluation, and feedback systems that provide managers with information about how well the organization's strategy and structure are working. |
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| Control that allows managers to anticipate problems before they arise. |
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| Control that gives managers immediate feedback on how efficiently inputs are being transformed into outputs so that managers can correct problems as they arise. |
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| Control that gives managers information about customers reactions to goods and services so that corrective action can be taken if necessary. |
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| A performance appraisal by peers, subordinates, superiors and sometimes clients who are in the position to evaluate a manager's performance. |
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| The ability of a manager to give or withhold tangiable and intangible rewards. |
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| The ability of a manager to punish others. |
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| Power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses. |
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| Power that comes from subordinates and coworkers resepect, admiration and loyalty. |
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| The authority that a manager has by virtue of his positino in a organizations hierarchy. |
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| A committee of managers or nonmanagerial employees from various departments or divisions who meet to solve a specific, mutual problem, also called an ad hoc committee. |
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| An informal group of employees seeking to achieve a common goal related to their membership in an organization. |
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| A set of behaviors and tasks that a member of a group is expected to perform because of his or her position in the group. |
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| Taking the inititative to modify an assigned role by assuming additional responsibilities. |
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| The amount of information that a communication medium can carry and the entent to which the medium enables the sender and reciever to reach a common understanding. |
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| An informal communication network along which unofficial information flows. |
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| The discord that arises when the goals, interests, or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individual or groups block or thwart one another's attempts to achieve their objectives. |
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| When two or more managers, departments, or functions claim authority for the same activities or tasks. |
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| Tactics that managers use to increase their power and to ise power effectively to influence and gain the supporrt of other people while overcoming resistance or opposistion. |
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| The process of comparing one of company's performace on specific dimensions with the performace ot other, high-perfoming organizations. |
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| Raw, unsummerized, and unanalyzed facts |
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| Data that are organized in a meaningful fashion |
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| The management of any aspect of production that transforms inputs into finished products |
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| Groups of employees who meet regularly to discus ways to increase quality. |
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| The set of techniques that attempt to reduce the costs associated with the product assembly process ot the way services are delivered to customers |
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| Quantum product innovation |
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Definition
| The development of new, often radically different, kinds of goods and services because of fundamental shifts in technology brought about by pioneering discoveries. |
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| Incremental product innovation |
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Definition
| The gradual improvment and refinement to existing products that occurs over time as existing technologies are perfected. |
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Definition
| The managment of value-chain activities involved in bringing new or improved goods and services to the market. |
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| The extent to which the work to be performed is clear cut sso that a leader's subordinates know what needs to be accomplised and how to go about doing it; a derterminant of how favorable a situation is for leading. |
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Definition
| The discord that arises when the goals, interests, or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individual or groups block or thwwart one anothers attempts to achieve their objectives. |
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| A conflict between individual members of an organization occuring because of differences in their goals and values. |
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| A way of managing conflict in which both parties try to satisfy their goals by coming up with an approach that leaves them better off and does not rewuire concessions on issues that are important to either party. |
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| The set of methods or techniques for acquring, organizing, sorting, manipulating and transmitting information. |
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| The set of specific and general forces that work together to integrate and connect economic, political, and social systems across countries, cultures, or geographical regions so that nations become increasingly interdependent and similar. |
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| A worldview that values subordination of the individual to the goals of the group and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their contribution to the group. |
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| The degree to which societies accept the idea that inequalities in the power and well-being of their citizens are due to differences in individuals' physical and intellectual capabilities and heritage. |
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| Allowing a foreign organization to take charge of manufacturing and distributing a product intis country or world region in return for negotiated fee. |
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| Selling to a foreign organization the rights to use a brand name and operating know-how in return for a lump-sum payment and share of the profits |
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| An agreement in which managers pool or share their organization's resources and know how with a foreign company, and the two organizations share the rewards and risk of starting a new venture. |
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| A strategic alliance amoung two or more companies that agree to jointly establish and share ownership of a new business. |
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| Wholly Owned foreign subsidary |
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Definition
| Production operations established in a foreign country independent of any local direct involvment. |
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| When the information available to a manager in incomplete because the manager must make a decision quickly. |
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| Top managment's decision pertaining to the organizations mission, over-all strategy and structure. |
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| A plan that indicates in which industries and national marketsan organization intends to compete. |
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| Divisional managers decisions pertaining to divisions long term goals, overall strategy, and structure. |
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| A plan that indicates how a division intends to compete against its rivals in an industry. |
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| Funcational managers decisions pertaining to the goals that they propose to pursue to help the division attain its business-level goals |
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| Functional-level strategy |
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Definition
| A plan the indicates how functional managers intend to increase the value of the organizations goods and services. |
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Definition
- Recruitment and Selection
- Training and development
- Performance appraisal and feedback
- Pay
- Labor relations
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Definition
| The process of identifying and describing in writing the tasks, duties, and responsibilites for a specific job. |
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| Psycological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organization, a person's level of effort and a persons level of persistence. |
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Definition
| A contingency model of leadership proposing that leaders can motivate subordinates by identifying their desired outcomes, rewarding them for high performance and attainment of work goals with these desired outcomes, and clarifying for them the paths leading to attainment of work goals. |
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| Contingency models of leadership |
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Definition
| Take into account the situation or context within which leadership occurs. |
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| A group that managers establish to achieve organizational goals. |
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Definition
| A group tha managers or nonmanagerial employees form to help achieve their own goals or meet their own needs. |
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Definition
| A group composed of subordinates who report to the same supervisor; also called department or unit. |
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| Shared guidelines or rules for behavior that most group members follow |
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Definition
| Changes in the meaning of a message as the message passes through a series of senders and recievers |
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Definition
| Conflict that arises within a group, team, or department |
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| Interorganizational conflict |
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Definition
| Conflict that arises across organizations |
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Definition
| A way of managing conflict in which each party is concerned abuot not only its own goal accomplishment of the other party and is willing to engage in a give and take exchange and make concessions. |
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| The stock of raw materials, inputs and component parts that an organization has on hand at a particular time. |
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