The eyebrows are high in what small oil producing gland?

 Sebaceous glands

Eyebrows protect your eyes from what 3 things?

1. Foreign Objects

2. Stops Perspiration from reaching the eye

3. Excess light, the reason football players have where those black strips under there eyes.

Name the 5 accessory structures of the Eye?

An anology: the eye is similar to that of a camera.

Starting with the outer most part of eye

1. Eyebrows, tell a lot about how you are feeling.

2. Eyelids(Palpebra)

3. Conjunctiva,covers most of the exposed surface of the eye

4. Lacrimal Apparatus

5. Extrinsic Eye Muscles, do not have to know to 6 muscules for Test

Physiology of Vision, silimar to how a camera works.

Light rays bounce off all objects. Light enters the eye through the cornea (clear, transparent portion of the coating that surrounds the eyeball).

Next, light rays pass through an opening in the iris (colored part of the eye), called the pupil. The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye by dilating or constricting the pupil. In bright light, for example, the pupils shrink to the size of a pinhead to prevent too much light from entering. In dim light, the pupil enlarges to allow more light to enter the eye.

Light then reaches the crystalline lens. The lens focuses light rays onto the retina by bending (refracting) them. The cornea does most of the refraction and the crystalline lens fine-tunes the focus. In a healthy eye, the lens can change its shape (accommodate) to provide clear vision at various distances. If an object is close, the ciliary muscles of the eye contract and the lens becomes rounder. To see a distant object, the same muscles relax and the lens flattens.

Behind the lens and in front of the retina is a chamber called the vitreous body, which contains a clear, gelatinous fluid called vitreous humor. Light rays pass through the vitreous before reaching the retina. The retina lines the back two-thirds of the eye and is responsible for the wide field of vision that most people experience. For clear vision, light rays must focus directly on the retina. When light focuses in front of or behind the retina, the result is blurry vision.

The retina contains millions of specialized photoreceptor cells called rods and cones that convert light rays into electrical signals that transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. Rods and cones provide the ability to see in dim light and to see in color, respectively.

The macula, located in the center of the retina, is where most of the cone cells are located. The fovea, a small depression in the center of the macula, has the highest concentration of cone cells. The macula is responsible for central vision, seeing color, and distinguishing fine detail. The outer portion (peripheral retina) is the primary location of rod cells and allows for night vision and seeing movement and objects to the side (i.e., peripheral vision).

The optic nerve, located behind the retina, transmits signals from the photoreceptor cells to the brain. Each eye transmits signals of a slightly different image, and the images are inverted. Once they reach the brain, they are corrected and combined into one image. This complex process of analyzing data transmitted through the optic nerve is called visual processing.

What part of the eye is:

nonvascular(without blood supply),

most common transplanted in body 

transparent portion of conjunctive

iris and pupil are anterior/before this. 

similar to contact lens, where light enters

Refracts light

The Cornea

The Eyelids (Palpebra) purpose is what?

1. What forms the inner walls of the eyelids?

2. How would a blockage of the canal of schlemm affect your vision?

1. Tarsal Plates

2. If the Canal of Schlemn were blocked, the aqueous humor would not be able to drain; glaucoma would develp. As the quantity of fluid increased, the pressure within the eye would increase, distoring soft tissue and interfering with vision. If untreated, the condition would ultimately cause blindness

What is another name for a Tarsal Gland that produces oily secretions?

Meibomian Gland

1. An infection of the tarsal gland results in an

unsightly cyst called a what?

2. If you were born without cones, would you be able to see?

1. Chalazian, (Kah-la-ze-on)

2. Yes, however, you would only be able to see in black in white

1. An infection of one of the ciliary glands or small oil/sebaceous gland is called a?

2. How would a diet deficient in vit a affect vision?

1. Sty

2. Vit. A deficiency would effect night vision.

1.A specialized (epithelium/body tissue)or a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inside of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eyeball.

2. Inflammation of the #1, often accompanied by redness of the eye is called what?

1.Conjunctiva

2. Conjunctivitis

Lacrimal Apparatus

What gland is:

• shaped like an almond,

• located in the superior lateral margin of the orbit (right on eye lid) 

• manufactures tears

Lacrimal Gland

figure 16.5 

What are tears (Lacrimal Fluid) made of?

Mucus, antibodies and Lysozyme

1. What are small drain pores(points) in the medial canthus?

2. How does our iris get color?

3. what is the pigmented part of the eye with a smooth muscle?

1. Lacrimal Puncta(points)

2. same as skin, with melanin.

3. Iris

 Tears first pool in the lacus lacrimalis

The lacrimal puncta drain into the lacrimal canals and then into the nasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus of the nose. That is why when you cry to have to blow your nose. 

1. the more melain you have in your eyes the better, espically living in florida because of the sun. 

Name of the three layers?

The external layer of the eyeball.

The Fibrous Tunic

The fibrous tunic, consists of dense connective tissue arranged into what 2 different region?

 Sclera and Cornea

What is made of:

Sclera 

Mutiple Choice

Anterior or Posterior Chamber

1. The space between the suspensory ligament and the iris is the?

2. The space between the iris and cornea is the?

They both contain aqueous humor

1. What is the middle layer of the eyeball?

2. The part of the Fibrous tunic that is white, tough and opauqe is the?

1.Vascular Tunic

2.  Sclera, akd "whites of the eyes"

1. The Vascular Tunic. middle part of the eye, has 3 parts, Name them?

2. The optic disc is where the?

Which part of the pigmented Vascular tunic is:

1. thin, has a dark membrane, high in blood vessels, high in pigment, nourishes the retina's and absorbs excess light.

2. consists of circular ciliary muscle, susupensory ligaments, hold the lens in place, alters its shape and is where aqueous humor is secreted

3. made of circular and radial smooth muscle.

Alters size of pupil in response to light changes.

Is pigmented.

Ciliary Body

Iris

Choroid 

1. The lens and suspensory ligament(describes any ligament that supports a body part) form the (anterior/front of) boundary of this chamber?

2. A thick watery substance that is between the lens and the cornea.

1. Vitreous Chamber

2.  The aqueous humor

1.

Fovea

2. Rods

3. Cones

4. Rhodopsin

5. Retinal

6. Constriction

7. Optic disc

8. Cataract

9. Anterior Segment

10. Posterior Segment

11. color vision

12. Color blindness

actual test ?

42. Oxytocin is secreted by the:

Antidiuretic hormone

"inhibiting urine" also called vasopressin

a. ADH, antiduretic hormone, "inhibit urine"= works in kidneys. ADH helps the body retain as much fluid as possible

b. ACTH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone "adrenal cortex-changing" ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help people cope with stress.

c. Oxytocin, "childbirth hormone"

It signals the myometrium(The muscular tissue) of the uterus to contract

d.Testosterone, 

44. Which pituitary hormone is a tropic hormone?

From textbook: the following 4 are tropic hormones?

1. TSH, Thyroid stimulating hormone

2. ACTH,adrenocorticotropic hormone

3. FSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone

4. LH, luteinizing hormone

47. Which of the following inhibits ADH production?

Alcohol inhibits the production of ADH. For every 1 oz of alcohol you drink, you will pee out 1 liter of urine. You get dehydrated. ADH is produced to keep urine in the body. 

ADH is the antiduretic hormone, "inhibit urine"= works in kidneys. ADH helps the body retain as much fluid as possible

46. Hypothyroidism during the adult years produces:

A. Myxedemea

45. The hormone which causes ovulation is:

a. FSH, Follicle-stimulatioin hormone, stimulate maturation in ovaries and helps signal production of estrogens.

b. ICSH, in the male, where LH had also been called Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH), it stimulates the production of testosterone. 

c. LH, Luteinizing hormone, in females,  Triggers ovulation

d. TSH, thyroid stimulating horomone, prompts thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

48. Which of the following hormones has the kidney tubule as its target tissue?

a. Thyroxine, (often abbreviated as T₄), a form of thyroid hormones. Is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

b. ADH, Antidiuretic hormone, stimulates kidneys to reclaim more water from the urine; raises blood pressure;makes people want to cuddle, groom and pair bond-Make babies

c. HGH, human growth hormone, stimulates growth of the body and skeleton.

d. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, signals the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticords (helps deal with stress. Fight or flight. 

e. PTH,Parathyroid hormone, It acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood

 What gland is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. That produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and photoperiodic (seasonal) functions.

The pineal gland

50. Hormones which regulate blood calcium level are?

PTH and Calcitonin

Endocrine organs are richly?

Vascularized or nonvascularized

Vascularized,  An organ or tissue that is vascularized is heavily endowed with blood vessels and thus richly supplied with blood.

What part of the brain regulates many functions of the endocrine system through the hormones it secretes

The Hypothalamus 

What does HGH stand for?

What is its normal action?

HGH stands for:

Human Growth Hormone, or just GH

Normal action:

growth of body and skeleton, mostly genetic. 

hormone is injected to help people with pit. dwarfism to make them grow bigger.

Deficiency: If you are malnourishist, you may not grow to your potential based on your genes. Which does not mean if you eat a lot you will grow more.  

What does ACTH mean?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What does TSH mean?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What does FSH mean?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What does LH mean?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What does prolactin mean?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What does ADH mean?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is Oxytocin?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is T3 & T4 stand for?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What does calcitonim?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What does PTH mean?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is Glucagon?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is insulin?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is a norepinephrine?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is Aldosterone?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is Cortisol?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is Androgen?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is Melatonin?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

What is Thymosin?

What is its normal action?

What are the problems associated with and excess or deficiency?

Name the 3 diseases assoc. with HGH

1. Pit. gigantism, too much HGH

2. Pit. Dwarfism, too little HGH

3. Acromegaly, too much HGH with causes the hands, feet and face to become enlarged. 

If you get acromegaly you are sure to die because as your body gets bigger your heart and organs can't keep up. 

Lab 27,

greek word, meaning to arouse, arouse the body's tissues and cells by stimulating changes in their metabolic activity.

Sound waves are funneled by the pinna into the auditory canal.  This causes vibrations of the eardrum which are conducted and intensified by the auditory ossicles through the tympanic cavity to the oval window.  Sound wave energy is then transmitted to the fluid of the cochlea and converted by the hair cells of the organ of Corti into nerve impulses that are transmitted via the auditory nerve to the brain.

What is the Physiology of hearing

1. The ear, the receptor organ for both what?

1. The outer(external) ear consists of the what 3 parts?

1. Auricle or Pinna, External Auditory canal & Tympanic Membrane or Ear drum

1. a short narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone; in its skin-lines walls are wax-secreting glands

2. What is skin-covered cartilaginous structure encircling the auditory canal opening.

3. Vibrates at exactly the same frequency as sound waves hitting it. This separates the external from the middle ear-looks like a hockey puck turned sideways. 

 1. What is essentially a small chamber found within the temporal bone?

2. Name the three small bones, collectively called the Ossicles, that articulate to form a lever system that amplifies and transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear via the oval window?

1. The middle ear/ tympanic cavity/ Tympanic Antrum

Antrum=Cavity

2.  Malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, and stapes/stirrup

1. The inner ear, aka,What?  because of its mazelike, complex shape lies within the thick protective walls temporal bone.

Bony or Membranous Labyrinth.

1. Which cavity in the petrous bone consisting of a system of twisting channels that has three parts and contains perilymph.

2. Name the three parts? 

1. Bony Labyrinth

2.  semicircular canals, the vestible  and the cochlea

1. What is a continuous series of membrane walled sacs and ducts that fit loosely within the bony labyrinth?

1. The Pharyngotympanic tube, formely known as the___, links the middle ear to the pharynx?

2. What is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.

1.  Eustachian tube

2.  Oval Window

1. What is the minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average ear with normal hearing can hear in a noiseless environment.

2. sensations are described as perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body.

1.  absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) i

2. Phantom pain 

1. Referred pain 

2. Adaptation 

1. Light bending

2. ability to focus for close(less than 20 ft) vision

3. normal vision

4. Inability to focus well on close objects(farsightness)

5. Nearsightness

6. unequal curvatures of the lens for corena

 7. Medial movement fo the eyes during focusing on close objects.

1. refraction

2. accommodation

3. emmetropia

4. hyperopia

5. myopia

6. astigmatism

7. convergence

1. pharyngotympanic tube or eustachian tube

2. cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

3. the optic nerve exits the eye

1. The malleus, incus, and stapes are the tiny bones located in the

2. The  organ of Corti is located in the____of the inner ear?

1. What system is ductless and releases hormones into the blood or lymph

2. Messenger molecules that travel in the circulatory vessels and signal physiological changes in target cells

1. Endocrine system

2. Hormones