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Definition
| The amount of matter in an object. Mass is measured in grams. |
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| Matter from which other things can be made. |
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| Anything that takes up space and has mass. All substances and materials can be called matter. |
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| In a machine, the ratio of the output force to the input force (i.e., output force divided by input force) |
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| A combination of parts designed to perform a specific function. |
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| Change of state from a solid to a liquid (also known as fusion). This process involves adding heat energy. |
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| Rock formed when pre-existing rocks are changed by pressure or heat, or when sea water evapourates and the dissolved minerals are deposited on the sea floor. |
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| The transformation of an animal from one stage of its life cycle to another (e.g. from larva to adult). |
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| A small sold extraterrestrial body, moving in space, that is smaller than an asteroid. When it enters the earth's atmosphere it is called a meteor. |
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| A living organism that can only be seen under a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoans, and certain algae and fungi. |
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| The movement of animals from one region to another. In most cases organisms migrate to avoid local shortages of food, usually caused by winter of over-population. Animals may also migrate to a certain location to breed, as is the case with some fish. |
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| A naturally occurring, homogeneous, inorganic, solid substance that has a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystal structure. |
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| Membranous organelles that are responsible for aerobic respiration in cells. They resemble a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself. |
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| The substance that is formed when two or more substances are added together. The substances are not chemically combined and may be separated again. |
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| The smallest unit of a substance that displays all the properties of that substance. A molecule is composed of one or more atoms. |
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| Movement of an object in relations to its surroundings; a change of position that does not entail a change of location. |
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| Made up of two or more cells. |
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| The human system that gives us the ability to move. It consists of the muscular system and the human skeleton. |
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| A species that occurs naturally in a given area of region. |
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| A vast network of neurons and specialized tissues that regulates the actions and responses of an animal. |
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| A colourless, odourless, gaseous element that makes up about four-fifths of the atmosphere and is present in combined forms in various minerals and in all animal and plant tissues. |
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| The circulation of nitrogen in nature, in which nitrates from the air are dissolved in falling rain, deposited in the soil, and taken in by plants, which are eaten by snimals that die and decay, thereby returning the nitrogen to the soil. Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by bacteria down nitrogen compounds formed in other parts of the cycle. |
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Definition
| Forces acting between two objects that are not in physical contact with each other (also called distant or at-a-distance forces). Magnetic and gravitational forces are non-contact forces |
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| Non-renewable Energy Source |
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Definition
| And energy source that is finite and cannot be renewed naturally. Examples are fossil fuels (natural gas, propane, coal, petroleum) and uranium. |
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Definition
| The energy released by a nuclear reaction; also called atomic energy. |
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| The central part of a plant or animal cell that is responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The positively charged centre of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. |
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| A substance that provides nourishment for growth and metabolism. |
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| All of the processes involved in continuously transferring nutrients from one component of an ecosystem to another (e.g., air, water, soils, plants, animals) |
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| An animal that eats both plants and other animals. |
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| Not allowing light to pass through. |
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| Relating to sight or the transmission or use of light. |
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Definition
| A part of the body, such as the heart or stomach, made of several different tissues, all working together to perform a specific function or group of functions. |
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| Cell components that perform specific functions of the cell. |
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| Derived from living things; also, relating to or containing carbon compounds. |
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| Food produced without using chemical fertilizers or pesticides. |
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| A form of life composes of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes (e.g., an animal, a plant, a fungus) |
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| A group of organs that work together to perform a function. |
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| Movement of a fluid (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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| Force exerted by a machine. |
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| A colourless, odourless, gaseous element that constitutes about one-fifth of the volume of the atmosphere and that all animals need to live. |
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Definition
| A poisonous form of oxygen. It is harmful at ground level, but the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere shields life on earth from deadly ultraviolet radiation from space. |
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| An extremely small constituent of matter (e.g., grains of sand are particles; protons, neutrons, and electrons are particles that are in all matter). |
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| Particle Theory of Matter |
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Definition
| The theory that explains the behaviour of solids, liquids, and gases. The particle theory of matter states that all matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving, that attract each other, and that have space between them. |
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Definition
| Scientific law that states that, if pressure is applied to fluids that are confined, the fluids will then transmit that same pressure in all directions at the same time. |
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| The process by which green plants use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into nutrients, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Photosynthesis is very important, because it produces the oxygen and carbon-hydrates that animals (including people) need to live. |
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Definition
| A change in the shape, appearance, or state of material so that it can still be recovered as the original material (e.g. expanding, tearing, crumpling, folding, freezing, melting, etc., of a solid, liquid, or gas). Physical changes are reversible. |
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Definition
| A system that uses the pressure of a gas. |
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Definition
| High-latitude region of a planet or moon that is covered in ice; also called a polar ice sheet. |
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Definition
| Contamination of the air, water, or soil that causes harm to human health or the environment. |
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| The number of individuals of a specific species in a specific area at a specific time |
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Definition
| The energy of a body or system that results from the position of the body or the arrangement of particles within the system; stored energy. Common examples are the elastic potential of a stretched elastic band or the gravitational potential energy of water at the top of a hydroelectric dam. |
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Definition
| Solid or liquid water that falls from clouds to the ground. |
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Definition
| A measure of the amount of force applied to a particular area. |
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Definition
| A community of plants an animals that develops where none existed before (e.g. on the tops of mountains, newly-formed volcanic rocks, rocks newly exposed by erosion or glaciers). |
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| A general or universal truth of law that is basic to other truths. That which is inherent in something and that determines its nature or essence. |
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Definition
| An organism that produces new organic material from inorganic material with the aid of sunlight. |
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| An organism that has the characteristics of both plants and animals. Algae are classified as protists. |
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Definition
| A simple machine consisting of a wheel with a groove in a which a rope can run to change the direction or point of application of a force applied to the rope. |
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| A substance made only of one kind of material and having uniform properties throughout. |
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Definition
| A gear system composed of a round gear (the pinion) and a flat gear only (the rack). |
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Definition
| Emission or transmission of energy in the form of rays, waves, or particles. |
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Definition
| Reduce waste by reprocessing used materials into new materials. Aluminum cans may be melted, for example, then reformed as aluminum cans or made into other aluminum products. |
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Definition
| Reduce waste by consuming less, so as not to have to reuse or recycle later. |
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Definition
| Changing of the direction of a light ray by bouncing it off a surface. All objects reflect light to some extent (some, such as a mirror, better than others). Sound can also be relfected; a common example of this is an echo. |
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Definition
| Bending of light as it travels from one material to another. |
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Definition
| Energy that can be replenished by natural processes (e.g. energy from the sun, wind, tides, waves, and biomass) |
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Definition
| Any natural resource that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time (e.g. a forest) |
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Definition
| Cold-blooded, scaly-skinner vertibrate that breathes air and lives mostly on land. Turtles, snakes, and lizards are reptiles. |
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Definition
| The opposition of a substance to the flow of electrical current through it. Resistance is measured in ohms. |
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Definition
| The process that involves the transfer of oxygen to cells and breakdown of food to release energy. In complex animals, respiration involves the intake of oxygen and the discharge of carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
| The organs involves in breathing, including the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; also called respiratory tract. |
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Definition
| Reduce waste by using disposable materials such as packaging or building materials over again or by refurbishing worn of used products for further use. |
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Definition
| A naturally formed solid material composed of one or more minerals. Rocks make up a large part of the earth's crust. |
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Definition
| Water (originating as precipitation) that flows across surfaces rather than soaking in. Runoff may pick up a variety of pollutants from the ground and carry them into a river or lake. |
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Definition
| A measure of the amount dissolved salt in water. |
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Definition
| The state in which a solvent contains the maximum amount of solute it can hold and can absorb no more. |
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Definition
| Animal excrement. Many scats can be identified by their shape, size, and colour. |
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| An animal that eats dead or decaying material. |
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Definition
| The knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making, participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic productivity. People who are scientifically literate can find or determine answers to questions about everyday experiences. They are able todescribe, explain, and predict natural phenomenon. |
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Definition
| A community of organisms that replaces an original community that was destroyed by a natural or human-related event (e.g., a hurricane, forest fire, volcano) |
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Definition
| A drawing that shows what could be seen of the inside of an object if a slice were cut through it. |
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Definition
| A drawing that shows what could be seen of the inside of an object if a slice were cut through it. |
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Definition
| Rock formed from material, including debris of organic origin, deposited as sediment by water, wind, or ice, and then cemented together by pressure. |
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| A drawing that shows that could be seen of the inside of an object if the object were transparent. |
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| Solid matter that settles to the bottom of septic tanks or the sedimentation ponds of wastewater treatment plants. Sludge must be disposed of by bacterial digestion or other methods or pumped out for land disposal or incineration. |
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Definition
| A form of air pollution. Smog is a mixture of air pollutants but consists mostly of ground-level ozone and fine particles. |
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Definition
| The loose layer of the earth's surface, consisting of particles of rocks and minerals mixed with organic matter. |
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| The Sun together with all the planets and other celestial bodies that revolve around it. |
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| The state of matter in which molecules are packed tightly together and vibrate in space. A solid has a definite volume and a definite shape. |
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Definition
| The process of changing into a hard or compact mass; the change from a liquid or gaseous form to a solid form. |
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Definition
| Quality or property of being able to be dissolved; the amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. |
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Definition
| A substance dissolved in a another substance, usually the component of a solution present in the lesser amount. |
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Definition
| A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these. |
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Definition
| A liquid capable of dissolving another substance. Paint thinner, mineral spirits, and water are examples of solvents. |
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Definition
| A kind of energy that is produced by vibrating matter and transmitted by waves through air and other media; the sensation produced when these waves stimulate the organs of hearing. The eardrums concert this vibrational energy into signals that travel along nerves to the brain, which interprets them as voices, music, or noise. |
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Definition
| Cells that perform specific functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells work together to form tissue, such as muscle. Different tissues work together to form larger functional units, called organs. Each cell, tissue, and organ has a distinctive structure and a set of functions that meet the needs of the organism as a whole. |
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| A set of organisms that have many characteristics in common and that can breed with each other to produce fertile offspring. A species is the smallest category of taxonomic classification. Humans, dogs, cats, buttercups, and daffodils are examples of species. |
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| The rate of motion; the amount of distance travelled in a given interval of time. |
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| The simplest, most common type of gear, generally in the form of a cylinder or dusk, with teeth around its circumference. The purpose of the teeth is to mesh with similar teeth on another mechanical device, possibly another gear wheel, so that force can be transmitted between the two devices in a direction tangential to their surfaces. |
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Definition
| The ability of a mechanism to maintain equilibrium or a structure to resume its original, upright position after displacement by an external force. |
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Definition
| The three forms or phases - solid, liquid, and gas - in which matter occurs. Each state is determined by different levels of molecular energy an different modes of molecular interaction. |
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Definition
| An electrical charge that builds up on the surface of an object when it is rubbed against another object made of different materials. |
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Definition
| The four major areas of knowledge and skills into which the curriculum for science and technology is organized. The strands for science and technology are: Understanding Life Systems, Understanding Structures and Mechanisms, Understanding Matter and Energy, and Understanding Earth and Space Systems. |
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Definition
| The capacity to withstand forces such as tension, compression, torsion, and shear, that tend to break an object or change its shape; and object's ability to hold its shape without collapsing. |
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Definition
| Something made up of parts that are put together in a particular way for a particular purpose or purposes. There are three common types of structural forms. Solids structures rely on solid construction materials to support and transfer loads to the ground (e.g., a dam). Frame or skeletal structures us a light framework to support the structure, which may be enclosed with a non-load-bearing exterior covering (e.g., a modern house or a tent). Shell or surface structures have curved shapes and internal supports that give them a high load-bearing capacity (e.g., an airplane wing). |
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| A strut is a structural component designed to resist longitudinal compression. Struts provide outward-facing support in their lengthwise direction, and thus can be used to keep two other components separate. They perform the opposite function of a tie. |
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Definition
| Change of state from a liquid to a vapour without first becoming liquid. |
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Definition
| Physical matter or material that has mass and occupies space; the stuff of which an object consists. |
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| The more or less predictable sequence of changes in the composition of communities following a natural or human disturbance of their environment. For example, after a gap is made in a forest by logging, clearing, fire, or treefall, the first trees to return (the 'pioneer' species) are often fast-growing, shade-intolerant varieties. These are eventually replaced by shade-tolerant species that can grow beneath the pioneer species. |
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Definition
| A method of mining in which the mineral deposit is reached by removing the soil and rocks above it (the opposite of underground mining). |
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| A process that can be maintained without interruption, weakening, or loss of valued qualities. Sustainability ensures that a population remains within the carrying capacity of its environment. |
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Definition
| A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole. |
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Definition
| The ability to use, manage, assess, and understand technology. A technologically literate person understands what technology is, how it is created, and how it shapes society and in turn is shaped by society. |
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Definition
| The degree of hotness of coldness of a body or environment. |
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Definition
| A force that acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on. Tension involves stretching or straining. |
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Definition
| A set of general statements that provide plausible explanations for certain phenomena. Theories can be used to predict the occurrence of certain events. |
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| A horizontal beam used to prevent two others structural members from spreading apart or separating. |
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| A force that causes an object to twist along its axis. |
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| Able to cause harm or death to living things. |
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| The use of a triangular frame to give strength and rigidity to a structure. A triangle cannot change shape, even if its joints are movable. |
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Definition
| A rigid framework, usually of wood or metal, designed to support a structure. A truss may derive its strength from the geometric rigidity of the triangle and be composed of straight members that are subject only to longitudinal compression, tension, or both, or it may derive its strength from other factors, such as the rigidity of joints, the abutment of masonry, or the stiffness of beams. |
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| A rotary engine, usually made with curved vanes on a central rotating spindle, that is driven by a current of water, steam, or gas. Generators in electric power stations are usually driven by turbine. |
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| A large sac within the cytoplasm of cell, composed of a single membrane. |
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| The component in an investigation that the investigator decides to change on a systematic basis. |
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| The difference between individuals within a species; for example, humans show variations in hair, eye, and skin colour and in size. |
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| A blood vessel that takes blood back to the heart from other parts of the body. |
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| An animal with a backbone and a brain enclosed in a skull. |
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| Move back and forth rapidly. |
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| The resistance of a fluid to flow. Viscosity can be viewed as the effect of different layers of a fluid exerting a shearing force on each other, or on other surfaces, as they move against each other. |
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| The cycle of evaporation, and condensation that circulates water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere (as water vapour) and back again (as precipitation); also called the hydrologic cycle. |
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| The entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries. All runoff from within the watershed is conveyed to the same outlet. |
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| A river and all its branches or tributaries. |
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| The specific condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. It is measured in terms of such things as wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation. In most places, weather can change from hour to hour, day to day, and season to season. |
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| The breakdown over time of rocks and sediments at or near the earth's surface as a result of biological, chemical, and physical processes. |
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| A measure of gravitational force (equal to the body's mass times the acceleration of gravity), commonly stated as a measure of the heaviness of an object. |
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| And area with soft, wet land, intermingled with surface water; a marsh. Wetlands are valuable because of the habitat they provide for many animals and plants and their ability to clean up polluted water. |
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| The amount of effort expended in moving an object. It is calculated as the amount of force applied to the object times the distance through which the force acts. |
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| A screw-shaped gear that turns against a spur gear and transmits motion between shafts that are at right angles. |
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Definition
| A device that reduces the force required to accomplish work. All machines are based on one or more simple machines. The simple machines are the lever, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wheel and axle, the wedge, and the screw. |
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Definition
| A non-contact force produced by magnetic materials that attracts or repels other magnetic materials. |
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| A drawing that shows details that would be too small to see with the naked eye. |
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| A warm-blooded, usually hairy animal that breathes air, gives, birth to live offspring, and feeds milk to its young. |
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