Term
| Phylogenetic classification is based on what kind of relationships? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups is based on their what? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the four steps of simple staining? |
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Definition
1) Flood slide with crystal violet (everything purple)
2) apply iodine (fixes gram + as purple)
3) apply alcohol (gram - is washed of color)
4) Apply pink dye, safranin (gram - turns pink) |
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Term
| What is the simplest stain? |
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Definition
| Negative stain. i.e. Indian ink. |
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Term
| Genetics uses what amino acids to classify bacteria? |
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Definition
| G and C. The number of these amino acids is very characteristic of the species. |
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Term
| What is the ideal classification? |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic or evolutionary relationships. It's based on analysis of macromolecules like DNA, RNA and protein. Sequences give fundamental degree of relatedness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pinworm, Hookworm (from soil in south) |
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Term
| Protozoa? (amoeba, cilliates) |
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Definition
| Pneumocystis pneumonia, malaria, elephantitis, african sleeping sickness |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrush (infected mucous membrane), ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch |
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Definition
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Definition
| UTI, pneumococcal pneumonia, gastroenteritis, wound infection |
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Definition
| Rocky mountain spotted fever, trachoma, non-gonococcal urethritis |
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Definition
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Term
| The normal adult contains how many microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does natural flora come from? |
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Definition
| Est. shortly after birth from surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benefit from host without doing harm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Both host and N.F. benefit. |
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Term
| How much energy do we derive from N.F.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamins are N.F. derived? |
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Definition
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Term
| Germ-free animals exhibit what (3) things which speaking of the immune system? |
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Definition
1) smaller lymph nodes
2) fewer lymphocytes, phago
3) lower antibody levels |
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Term
| Explain the (4) traits of colonization resistance and bacterial interference by N.F. |
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Definition
1) defend against colonization by pathogens
2) out-compete other organisms for nutrients
3) specialized structures help adhere to host
4) produce bateriocins - substances that inhibit growth of other organisms (made by 1, but inhibit many) |
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Term
| Which flora are disturbed most easily? |
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Definition
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Term
| N.F. characteristics of the 1) stomach, 2) upper intestines and 3) the colon? |
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Definition
1) <10 org/ml, low pH, Helicobacter pylori (ulcers)
2) 10^3 org/ml, [bile salts] high, [digestive enzyme] high
3) 10^10 bact/g of feces (largest population 99% anaerobes) |
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Term
| Vaginal pH during child-bearing years and why? |
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Definition
| 3.6-4.5, estrogen -> glycogen -> lactobacilli making lactic acid |
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Term
| What part of the body has the widest VARIETY? How many species? |
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Definition
| The mouth. >500 recognized species |
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Term
| (3) sites that should remain sterile. |
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Definition
| Blood, body fluids (CSF) and tissues |
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Term
| Which has more than just a peptidoglycan layer, G+ or G-? |
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Definition
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Term
| A glycocalyx is composed of what? |
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Definition
| Polymer of polysaccharides |
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Term
| What is the major characteristic of the gram+ cell? |
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Definition
| Peptidoglycan wall, it may weigh up to 50% or more of the dry weight of the cell |
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Term
| Which (3) peptide cross links are unique in the bacterial cell wall? |
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Definition
1) D-glutamic acid
2) D-alanine
3) meso-diaminolimelic acid (DAP) |
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Term
| Lysozyme cleavage happens where? |
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Definition
| Between the beta bond of the polysaccharide chain. (Peptide bridge?) |
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Term
| What (3) functions does the periplasmic space have in Gram- bacteria? |
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Definition
1) degrade macromolecules
2) protect against toxic intruders
3) gather (bind) essential nutrients and deliver to transport proteins. |
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Term
| What are the (3) parts of a LPS? |
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Definition
1) O polysaccharide side chain (extend outward from the core)
2) core polysaccharide (contains charged sugars and phosphate, negative charge)
3) lipid A (potent toxin) |
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Term
| Name a good example of an aerobe and an anaerobe? |
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Definition
aerobe: TB
anaerobe: Tetanus |
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Term
| How does respiration occur in aerobes and in anaerobes? |
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Definition
aerobes: glycolytic
anaerobes: nitrate and sulfate, fermentative pathways (lactic, ethanol, mixed acid, butanediol, butyric acid) |
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Term
| Difference between virulent and temperate bacteriophages? |
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Definition
| Virulent is always lysis (generalized transduction), temperate can be lysis or lysogeny (specialized transduction) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasmid driven genetic exchange, requires the presence of 'F factor' plasmid and cell-to-cell contact. |
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Term
| F- is the (recipient or donor) and the F+ is the (recipient or donor)? |
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Definition
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Term
| F+ and F- matings can occur between bacteria of different species T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| The F factor gene is coded on what section of the DNA strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where on transposons is antibiotic resistance and substrate metabolism located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are responsible for "phase variations"? |
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Definition
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Term
| (5) general characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae. |
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Definition
1) g-
2) fermentative
3) oxidase-negative
4) aerobic and anaerobic
5) nonmotile or motile by pertrichous flagella |
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Term
| (4) Main bad guys of Enterobact.? |
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Definition
1)Salmonella
2)Shigella
3)E. coli (some strains)
4)Yersinia |
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Term
| Name the pathogenic E. coli. |
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Definition
P Enteropathogenic
I Enteroinvasive
T Enterotoxigenic
H Enterohemorrhagic |
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Term
| (2) main point of Enterohemorrhagic. |
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Definition
-4th leading cause of diarrhea
-Hemolytic uremic syndrome -> kidney failure in old and young
-H7 |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of UTI? |
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Definition
| Extraintestinal infection by E. coli |
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Term
| Of the 8 subspecies on Salmonella, which is most common to humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Main disease caused by Samonella subspecies 1 are? (3) |
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Definition
1) Typhoid fever (S. typhi)
2) Paratyphoid fever (S. paratyphi A and B)
3) Gasteroenteritis (S. typhimurium) |
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Term
| Shigella can cause what (2) main things? |
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Definition
1)Dysentary
2)Gastroenteritis |
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Term
| Yersinia, (2) characteristics. |
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Definition
1) plasmids with virulent genes
2) resist phagocytic killing |
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Term
| Responsible for plague, Black Death? |
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Definition
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