Term
| Psychology is the study of what? |
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Definition
| Behavior and mental processes |
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Term
| What is a key difference in mental processes and and behavior? |
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Definition
| behavior can be observed directly, where as mental processes are thoughts, feelings, and motives experienced privately but not observed directly. |
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Term
| How is psychology a science? |
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Definition
| it uses systematic methods to observe human behavior and draw conclusions. |
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Term
| When using the empirical method we gain knowledge through three ways which are? |
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Definition
| Observation of events, collection of data, logical reasoning. |
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Term
| How does psuedoscience differ from science? |
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Definition
| sounds scientific but not supported by sound scientific research. Ex- Astrology |
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Term
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Definition
| challenging a supported fact to be true |
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Term
| what are topics a positive psychologist would be interested in? |
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Definition
| human strengths such as hope, optimism, happiness and gratitude. |
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Term
| William Wundt had what perspective on psychology? |
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Definition
| idea mental processes could be measured- structuralism, reacting to sound. persons thoughts while hearing repetitive ticking detailed self reports. "what of mind" rigid structures |
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Term
| William James had what perspective on psychology? |
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Definition
| functionalism- what mind is for is flexible and fluid being of constant change in response to continuous flows of info "stream of consciousness" why is human thought adaptive (Darwinism) |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary process, best adapted survive and reproduce offspring |
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Term
| What are the seven approaches to Psychology? |
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Definition
| Biological, Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Sociocultural |
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Term
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Definition
| Observable behavior responses and their environmental determinants |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious thought, conflict biological drives(sex) and societies demands from early childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| persons positive qualities, capacity for growth, freedom to choose destiny. not unconscious thoughts. |
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Definition
| mental process involved in "knowing" how we direct attention, perceive and remember, think and solve problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction and natural selection the basis for explaining behavioral changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| examines ways in which social and cultural environments influence behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on body especially brian and nervous system. example: hands sweat when lying and heart races when scared. |
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Term
| Which kinds of settings do psychologists usually work in? |
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Definition
| Academic 34%, Clinical 24%, Private Practice 22%, Industrial 12%, Schools 4%, Other 4% |
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Term
| what type of research determines the basic dimensions of a phenomenon, defining what it is, and how often it occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Self-reported Questionnaire |
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Term
| What are benefits of using a survey in psychological research? |
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Definition
| Straight forward way to measure a variable. |
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Term
| What are some drawbacks to using a survey in psychological research? |
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Definition
| people answer in ways to make them look good. |
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Term
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Definition
| an in depth look at a single individual and the unique aspects of an individuals life can not be duplicate or tested by other individuals. |
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Term
| Why would a psychologist use a correlational study design? |
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Definition
| Correlation between two things mean they move together but not cause one another to happen. |
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Term
| Why would a psychologist use a correlational study design? |
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Definition
| Correlation between two things mean they move together but not cause one another to happen. |
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Term
| What type of things might best be studied by a longitudinal design? |
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Definition
| Correlation between happiness in nuns at age twenty and life expectancy. nuns are two and a half times more likely to survive at age sixty when recorded happiness early. |
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Term
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Definition
| the manipulated factor in an experiment. (ex. if I change this what will happen) |
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Term
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Definition
| What may change asa result of a manipulation to the independent variable. (if I changed something that would happen to the end result or the dependent variable) |
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Term
| Why is a control group in an experiment key? |
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Definition
| to provide a comparison between control group and entire experimental group. the control group doesn't experience change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soundness of conclusions that researcher draws from experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the degree in which the independent variable actually affects the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the degree in which experiments actually addresses the real world situation it is supposed to apply to. |
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Term
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Definition
| harmless substance that has no physiological effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when participants expectations produce outcome |
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Term
| what is the benefit of using a double-blind experiment to study a phenomenon? |
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Definition
Neither experimenting group or experimental group knows who is the controlled group and who receives the placebo. No Bias because there are no
pre-made perceptions about the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| ENTIRE GROUP about which the investigators wants to draw a conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| SUBSET of a population chosen by investigators |
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Term
| What are two measured of dispersion? |
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Definition
| Range and Standard deviation |
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Term
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Definition
| the mathematical procedures researchers have developed to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way. |
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Term
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Definition
| mathematical methods used to indicate data sufficient to support a research hypothesis |
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Term
| What are four important issues that the APA bitches about when it comes to ethics in psychological research? |
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Definition
| Informed Consent, Confidentiality, Debriefing, Deception |
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Term
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Definition
| participant kust know risk before hand |
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Term
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Definition
| keeping data gathered confidential, not the same as anonymous |
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Term
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Definition
| inform patients of purpose and methods after experiment, can usually inform beforehand without affecting results. |
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Term
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Definition
| Must tell patient that robber wont harm during robbery, but also may have deceived just to see if bartender reports it. |
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Term
| What things should you do when trying to think critically about research you read in psychology? |
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Definition
| Distinguish between group results and individual needs (can't apply individual results to entire group); look for answers beyond simple study; consider source of Psychological Information. |
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Term
| What things should you NOT do when trying to think critically about research you read in psychology? |
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Definition
| Overgeneralizing based on little information; attributing causes when none were found. Happiness "causes" long life. |
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Term
| What is the definition of learning? |
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Definition
| A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience |
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Term
| Which is more important to a behaviorists: Thought and feelings or observable behaviors? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Making a connection or association with events |
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Term
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Definition
| Strictly observing a mental process to remember. |
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Term
| What is the name of the learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to respond to a certain stimulus and not others |
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Term
| Why does the extinction of a behavior that was classically conditioned occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentations |
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Term
| why does habituation occur? |
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Definition
| the body eventually changes due to the presence of the stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence. |
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Term
| difference in classical conditioning and operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| classical conditioning uses a stimulant to alter behavior, where as operant conditioning uses punishment or reward to change behavior. |
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Term
| what is meant by shaping behavior? |
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Definition
| rewarding approximations of desired behavior. in order to produce more desired results. |
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Term
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Definition
| the subject if rewarded for proper behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the subject is punished for negative behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the frequency of behavior increases because the behavior if followed by something pleasant. |
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Term
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Definition
| the frequency of behavior is increased because it is followed by something unpleasant. |
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Term
| what are three primary reinforcers |
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Definition
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Term
| what are two secondary reinforcers? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of operant conditioning what is generalization? |
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Definition
| preforming a reinforced behavior in a different situation. |
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Term
| In terms of operant conditioning, what is discrimination? |
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Definition
| responding appropriately to stimuli that signal a behavior will or will not be reinforced. |
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Term
| What are the four schedules of reinforcement? |
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Definition
| Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforces behavior after a set of behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| time table, in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times on an unpredictable basis |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces the first behavior after fixed amount of time was passes |
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Term
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Definition
| time table in which behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed |
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Term
| What is applied behavior analysis? |
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Definition
| The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. |
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Term
| What is Observational Learning? |
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Definition
| learning by observing and imitating behavior |
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Term
| What are the four main processes that are involved in observational learning? |
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Definition
| Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Reinforcement Questions |
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Term
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Definition
| to reproduce you must attend to what model is doing |
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Term
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Definition
| To reproduce you must encode the info and keep it in your memory to retrieve it |
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Term
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Definition
| The Process of imitating the models actions |
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Term
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Definition
| after the models behavior is followed by a sequence of questions |
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Term
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Definition
| Unenforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior |
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Term
| the book talks of a chimp who used boxes to reach bananas hanging from the ceiling. this form of problem solving is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others. |
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Term
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Definition
| animals tendency to revert to instinctive ways that interfere with learning |
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Term
| what are two biological constraints of learning? |
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Definition
| Instinctive drift and preparedness |
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Term
| what is the definition of memory? |
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Definition
| The return of information or experience over time |
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Term
| Name the three stages of memory. |
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Definition
| Encoding, storage, retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which info enters the memory |
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Term
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Definition
| how info is retained over time and how it is represented in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the recall of memories from storage |
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Term
| which phase of memory is most important? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three types of attention? |
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Definition
| Divided Attention, Sustained Attention, Multitasking |
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Term
| what are the three types of attention? |
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Definition
| Divided Attention, Sustained Attention, Multitasking |
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Term
| what are the three types of attention? |
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Definition
| Divided Attention, Sustained Attention, Multitasking |
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Term
| What is the least effective type of attention? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the levels of processing? |
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Definition
| Shallow, Intermediate, and Deep. Deep produces the best memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding; connects new info to old info. |
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Term
| why does imagery improve our ability to remember things? |
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Definition
| Stored as both Image and verbal codes. |
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Term
| according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory what are the three separate systems involved in memory storage? |
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Definition
| Sensory Memory (fraction of a second), Short-term memory (30 seconds max), long0term memory (30 seconds to a life time) |
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Term
| what is the typical capacity of short term memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three parts of the system of working memory? |
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Definition
| Phonological Loop, Viruopatial Working Memory, Central Executive |
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Term
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Definition
| speech-based info about rounds of a language |
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Term
| Viruopatial Working Memory |
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Definition
| visual and spatial memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Integrates memory from Phono loop and Viruopatial memory and long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| how we remember life's episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's knowledge of the world |
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Term
| what is Procedural Memory |
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Definition
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Term
| Seeing a word or picture that causes you to jog your memory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize or interpret info |
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Term
| how do people who believe in connectionism think that info is stored in the brain? |
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Definition
| in connection among the neurons |
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Term
| what is long0term potentiation? |
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Definition
| explains how memory functions at the neuron level |
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Term
| what part of the brain is associated with explicit memories? |
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Definition
| Hippocampus, temporal lobes, cerebral cortex, limbic |
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Term
| what part of the brain is in charge of implicit memories? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the process of retrieval? |
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Definition
| occurs when info. stored in the brain is called out.(seems like a pretty shitty answer to me) |
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Term
| what part of a list will we remember best and why? |
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Definition
| beginning and end. beginning because it is the primary memory and end because it is most recent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory task in which individual has to retrieve previously learned info |
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Term
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Definition
| memory task where individual has to recognize learned items. |
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Term
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Definition
| special form of episodic memory that remembers its life experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| recalls emotionally significant events with great vividness and accuracy |
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Term
| what are issues concerning repressed memories? |
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Definition
| it brings up a dark part of peoples lives that they may have forgotten |
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Term
| what is motivated forgetting |
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Definition
| forgetting an occurrence because the memory is to painful to remember |
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Term
| Is an eyewitness testimony always right? |
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Definition
| no people see things wrong and have a bias towards groups |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which material learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later |
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Term
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Definition
| material learned later disrupts the recall of previously learned material |
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Term
| what is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon? |
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Definition
| type of effortful retrieval in which we are sure we know something but are not able to retrieve the memory |
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Term
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Definition
| memory loss for a segment of the past but not for ne events |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory disorder that affect the recall of new info and events |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad area or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical procedure that summarizes a large body of evidence from the research literature on a particular topic |
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Term
| research participant bias |
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Definition
| when the participants begin to act differently because they are being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| Viewing behavior in a real-world setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that produces a response with no prior learning |
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Term
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Definition
| an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited from the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the making of the connection between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in classical conditioning where a conditioned response can reoccur without stimulus after a lengthy time delay |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of pairing a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| states behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened where as negative behaviors followed by negative reactions are weakened |
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Term
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Definition
| the organism has learned that it has no control over negative outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed |
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