Term
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Definition
groups of atoms
attached to the C backbone of organic
molecules; determine characteristics &
chemical reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| linkage of subunits via removal of water |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse of dehydration sysnthesis; splitting up subunits via the addtion of water |
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Term
| 4 Categories of Biological Molecules |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules composed of C, H, & O in an approximate ratio of 1:2:1 |
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Term
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Definition
| contain large regions of H & C with nonpolar C-C or C-H bonds hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| chains of amino acid subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| - long chains of nucleotide subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| most common monosaccharide in living organisms (C6H1206) |
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Term
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Definition
| same formula as glucose, but different structures |
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Term
common disaccharides:
sucrose |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): genetic code
ribonucleic acid (RNA): copies DNA for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
starch: plant polysaccharide (roots & seeds)
- cellulose: plant polysaccharide (cell walls)
- glycogen: animal polysaccharide
- chitin: polysac. exoskeleton of insects, crabs, spiders |
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Term
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Definition
| contain large regions of H & C with nonpolar C-C or C-H bonds hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
no double bonds between C’s “saturated” with H’s
- solid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
some double bonds
- liquid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
- acts like saturated fat
trans double bond |
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Term
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Definition
like oils but with phosphate functional group at one end
- in plasma membranes of cells |
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Term
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Definition
central C + 4 functional groups
(amino, carboxyl, H, & variable)
- 20 amino acids
- linked via peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
short chain of
amino acids (<50) |
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Term
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Definition
long chain of
amino acids (>50) |
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Term
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Definition
1o - primary: amino acid sequence (peptide bonds)
2o - secondary: helix or pleated sheet
(H bonds)
3o - tertiary: 3D folding (disulfide bonds)
4o - quanternary: aggregations of peptides (H bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
molecules with a carbon (C)
skeleton containing some
hydrogen (H) atoms |
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Term
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Definition
carbon dioxide (CO2) and
all molecules without carbon (C) |
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Term
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Definition
| subunits: small organic molecules used to build larger molecules; (example: amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
| : long chains of subunits (example: protein) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
4 fused carbon rings with functional groups attached
- cholesterol, hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| all cell contents except nucleus; mostly water |
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Term
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Definition
| phospholipid bilayer with mobile proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| physical difference between 2 regions that causes molecules to move from one region to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules still in motion, but no concentration gradient between 2 regions |
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Term
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Definition
| simple diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane |
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Term
plasma membrane: surrounds each cell
- 3 functions |
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Definition
1. isolate cell contents from environment
2. regulate exchange between
cell & environment
3. communicate with other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate hydrophilic molecules crossing membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger cell response when bound by certain molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
-rate as concentration gradient
slow over long distances
will continue till molecules are evenly dispersed |
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Term
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Definition
molecules move down a concentration gradient
(high concentration low concentration)
-simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
molecules move against a concentration gradient
(low concentration high concentration)
-requires energy (ATP)
-endocytosis, exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of water is equal inside and outside a cell (blood serum) |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of particles dissolved in water is greater outside a cell than inside (salt water) |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of particles dissolved in water is lower outside a cell than inside (pure water) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells acquire substances from environment when plasma membrane engulfs substance in a vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| brings in a drop of extracellular fluid |
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Term
| Endocytosis-Receptor-mediated |
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Definition
| specific molecules bind to extracellular receptor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| brings in large particles via pseudopodia food vacuoles |
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Term
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Definition
| - hold adjacent cells together |
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Term
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Definition
| -leakproof gaskets between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - protein channels connecting insides of adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - cytoplasmic bridges between insides of adjacent plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
outermost, thick, stiff surface of some cells
-bacteria, plants, fungi, some protists
-primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, middle lamella |
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Term
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Definition
| use energy & nutrients from environment to build, repair, & replace cell parts |
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Term
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Definition
| coating on outside of some disease-causing bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| where coiled DNA attaches to plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles containing digestive enzymes (fuse with food vacuoles) |
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Term
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Definition
fluid-filled sacs
1. food vacuoles
2. contractile vacuoles (freshwater protists)
3. central vacuoles (plants) |
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Term
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Definition
long, thin extensions of plasma membrane
-ring of 9 fused pairs of microtubules + central unfused pair |
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Term
| 3 Principles of Modern Cell Theory |
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Definition
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. The smallest living things are single cells.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Small size: 1-100mm
-allows molecules to diffuse to center quickly
-high surface area:volume ratio |
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Term
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Definition
-very small: <5mm long
-stiff cell wall
-some are motile: flagella
-pili: surface projections for attachment |
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Term
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Definition
larger than prokaryotes: >10mm diameter
-organelles: membrane-enclosed structures with specific functions within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1-100mm
-allows molecules to diffuse to center quickly
-high surface area:volume ratio |
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Term
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Definition
largest organelle
1. nuclear envelope: double
membrane with pores
2. chromatin: DNA + proteins
3. nucleolus: dark regions of nucleus
-site of ribosome assembly
-ribosomal RNA,
proteins, ribosomes,
DNA |
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Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER
smooth (SER
rough (RER): |
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Definition
smooth (SER): site of lipid synthesis
-rough (RER): site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
derived from ER
-separates proteins & lipids
-modifies some molecules
-packages transport vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
fluid-filled sacs
1. food vacuoles
2. contractile vacuoles (freshwater protists)
3. central vacuoles (plants) |
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Term
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Definition
energy in sugar ATP
-aerobic: 18-19x more efficient than anaerobic
-most in muscle
-outer membrane intermembrane compartment inner membrane (cristae) matrix |
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Term
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Definition
sunlight energy sugar
-double membrane
-stroma: fluid inside inner membrane
-thylakoids: hollow sacs of chlorophyll
-granum: a stack of thylakoids |
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Term
| why mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have been incorporated into eukaryotic cells. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
microfilaments (thin), intermediate filaments, & microtubules (thick)
-shape of cell
-cell movement
-organelle movement
-cell division |
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