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| What is male with a sperm count below 20 million per millimeter? |
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| Since only one sperm fertilizes oocyte, why are additional sperm required? |
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Definition
| because one sperm does not contain enough acrosomal enzymes to disrupt corona radiate of follicle cells that surround oocyte |
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| What enzyme breaks down bonds between follicle cells? |
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| What does the sperm that gets there first do? |
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Definition
| binds to zona pellucida and forms a barrier that no other sperm can penetrate |
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| What part of the sperm enters the oocyte? |
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Definition
| the head containing the DNA nucleus and the tail breaks off |
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| sequence of cell divisions that occur immediately after fertilization |
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| when blastocyst contacts uterine wall |
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| attachment of blastocyst to endometrium of uterus and continues as it invades maternal tissues |
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| complex organ that permits exchange between maternal and embryonic circulatory systems, supports fetus in 2nd and 3rd trimesters, secretes hormones, is expelled at birth |
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| identical cells produced by cleavage divisions (first division is completed about 30 hours after fertilization) |
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| What happens after 3 days of cleavage? |
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| morula usually reaches uterus on day 4 |
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| Over the next couple of days after 3 days of cleavage, a hollow ball of cells is formed called what? |
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| surrounds and cushions developing embryo and fetus |
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| Why isn't there any mixing of maternal and fetal blood? |
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Definition
| the two are alway separated by layers of trophoblast |
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| What happens as the first trimester comes to an end? |
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Definition
| the fetus moves farther from placenta but remains connected to it by the umbilical cord |
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| What is a hormone that appears in maternal bloodstream soon after implantation has occurred? |
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
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| What is the presence of hCG in blood or urine? |
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| What does the placenta actively secrete? |
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Definition
| both estrogens and progesterone |
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| What is recreated by the placenta and corpus lute? |
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| increases flexibility of symphysis pubis, permitting pelvis to expand during delivery, causes dilation of cervix, suppresses release of oxytocin (delays contractions) |
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| miscarriage- result from developmental problems or hormonal problems (15% of pregnancies) |
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| continuing pregnancy poses a threat to life of mother |
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| performed at woman's request (first 3 months) |
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| What happens when the amniotic chorionic membrane ruptures? |
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| perineal musculature to avoid perineal tearing of mother |
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Definition
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| 28-36 weeks with a birth weight of over 1kg or 2.2 pounds and has a good chance of surviving and developing normally |
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| when legs or buttocks enter the vaginal canal first (3-4% of deliveries) |
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| What is the scientific term for fraternal twins? |
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| What occurs when 2 separate oocytes are ovulated and both are fertilized (70% of twins)? |
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| dizygotic or fraternal twins |
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| What is the scientific term for identical twins? |
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Definition
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| one large oocyte divides into two identical individuals, conjoined or siamese twins may occur if splitting is not complete and they share a portion of skin, liver, or other organs |
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| monozygotic or identical twins |
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| What is produced the first 2-3 days of an infant's life and it contains more proteins and less fat than true breast milk- proteins that are antibodies that may help ward off diseases? |
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| your chromosomes and genes that make them up |
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| traits, anatomical and physiological characteristics |
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| factors that result in abnormal development (drugs, including some antibiotics, alcohol, nicotine in cigarette smoke) |
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