Term
| what are virulent and non-virulent bacteria in the Griffitth’s experiment? |
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Definition
Mice where injected with Rough strain (nonvirulent) and lived
Smooth Strain (virulent) Died
Heat killed smooth strain Lived
Rough strain and heat killed smooth strain Mixed and mouse did due to transformation |
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Term
| In the Meselson and Stahl experiment, what happens to bacteria after one, two, three generations? |
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Definition
| There is only one band of 15n DNA or the original during every one of the generations. The first generation you have two original and two new or 14n DNA. Second generation you have two original and six new. Third you have two original and 14 new. |
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Term
| In the Hershey and Chase? What happens when you label the protein? The DNA? When a virus infects an organism, what is transferred to that organism? |
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Definition
| After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's genetic material. labeled DNA ... DNA |
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Term
| Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins |
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Definition
| 35s This would label both DNA and proteins |
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Term
| In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon |
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Definition
1' ... 5'
The nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's 1' carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's 5' carbon. |
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Term
| Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? ( |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction |
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Term
| What is Watson and Crick model |
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Definition
| three-dimensional model of the DNA molecule, consisting of two complementary polynucleotide strands wound in the form of a double helix and joined in a ladder like fashion by hydrogen bonds between the purine and pyrimidine bases. |
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Term
| What was the role of rosalind Franklin |
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Definition
| Franklin was perhaps one of the best, and certainly one of the most meticulous X-ray crystallographers of her timeFranklin produced photos from fibers of DNA in its hydrated and dehydrated states. |
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Term
| What is X-ray crystallography |
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Definition
| X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and causes the beam of light to spread into many specific directions. From the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. |
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Term
| 8. What is transformation? |
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Definition
| The genetic alteration of a bacterial cell resulting from the transfer of foreign DNA. |
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Term
| 11. Which polymerase is the main polymerase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Okazaki fragments |
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Definition
| each about 100-200 nucleotides, are joined by DNA ligase to form the sugar-phosphate backbone of a single DNA strand. |
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Term
| To start a new chain, DNA polymerase requires a |
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA polymeric lll do |
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Definition
| Adds DNA nucleotides to the primer, forming an Okazaki Fragment. |
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Term
| What replaces the RNA primer for DNA. Pulls out the little red primer that started it all. |
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Definition
| DNA Pol l Replaces the RNA with DNA adding to the 3' end of the Fragment. |
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Term
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Definition
| It forms a bond between the Newest DNA and the adjacent DNA. It welds the to together after Pol 1 is done. |
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Term
What way does the Replication bubble go
Where is the origin of replication |
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Definition
Counter clock wise.
In the center of the bubble. |
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Term
| At the top of the replication bubble on the origin of replication what direction does the leading strand go. |
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Definition
| Left and the lagging strand is on the right of the top origin of replication. |
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Term
| What direction does DNA polymeric lll move |
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Definition
| 3-5 adding to the 5-3 direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks |
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Term
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Definition
| Corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA Strands |
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Term
| Example of a palindromic DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cell that can give rise to all parts of the plant or embryo |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
If AUG starts something it always has
All proteins start from - |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lac c gene
Green florescent protein...Red |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They have all of the gene sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is a type of complex acid, called a nucleic acid, made of a repeating pattern of simple building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate (PO4), a sugar (deoxyribose), and a base which is either adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C). In a DNA molecule, nucleotides exist as two spiral strands linked at their bases (either between A and T or between G and C). This structure, which resembles a twisted ladder, is known as a double helix. |
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Term
| What are codons and anti-codons? |
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Definition
Codon = 3 amino acid sequence found on mRNA.
Anti codon = 3 amino acid sequence found on tRNA.
The codons are for the traslation of mRNa to an amino acid sequence by using ribosomes. |
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Term
| What is the difference between heterogenous mRNA and mature mRNA? |
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Definition
| Precursor mRNA, more commonly termed pre-mRNA, is an incompletely processed single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), synthesized from a DNA template in the nucleus of a cell by transcription. It has also been called heterogeneous nuclear RNA (or hnRNA) and primary transcript. Once pre-mRNA has been completely processed, it is termed "mature messenger RNA", "mature mRNA", or simply "mRNA". |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA processing is to generate a mature mRNA (for protein genes) or a functional tRNA or rRNA from the primary transcript. |
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Term
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Definition
| snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
Imagine you want to make a cake for your mom, but the best recipe is in cookbook you can't check out in the library. You have to make a copy to get the recipe. Then you go home and put all the ingredients together to make the cake.
The cookbook is the DNA and in the DNA are long sequences of GATC that correspond to information the way the recipe instructions are communicated through words made from letters. Since DNA can't leave the nucleus, enzymes have to make copies of it like you had to make a copy from the cookbook. Outside the nucleus, enzymes read the mRNA and break down the long sequence of GATC into groups of 3. For each sequence of 3, an amino acid corresponds to that (like E-G-G is an egg). Now sometimes mistakes are made while copying the DNA so it has a little wobble room -- like if you wrote down GEG instead of EGG, you could still figure out it meant egg. When you put all the amino acids together you get a protein (like when you put all the ingredients together to make a cake).
Also think of Morse code if that helps. Dot-Dot-Dot = S, but instead of dot or dash, you have GATC and instead of 26 letters (ABCDE etc), there are 20 amino acids |
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Term
| Compare and contrast cytosolic ribosomes and rER ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between cytosolic ribosomes and rER ribosomes? |
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Definition
| Free ribosomes are found in the cytosol fluid portion of the cell. rER goes to the ER.? |
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Term
| How is the translation initiated |
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Definition
The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA
The tRNA bearing methionine binds to the start codon ,
The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one.
The start codon signals the start of translation |
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Term
| What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases? |
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Definition
| It is the enzyme necessary to link the appropriate amino acid to the tRNA so that during translation the appropriate amino acid can be loaded to the corresponding codon on the RNA. |
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