Term
What are the gram negative spirochetes |
|
Definition
Treponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
|
Term
What are the gram negative spirillum? Are the urease positive or negative? |
|
Definition
Helicobacter pylori (urease positive) Campylobacter jejuni (urease negative) |
|
|
Term
What is the gram negative vibrio? What are some characteristics of it? |
|
Definition
Vibrio cholera lactose negative oxidase and glucose positive |
|
|
Term
What are the gram negative aerobic cocci? |
|
Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitides Moraxella catarrhalis |
|
|
Term
What are the gran negative aerobic rods (coccobacilli)? |
|
Definition
Bordetella pertussis Legionella pneumophila Haemophilus influenza Brucella abortus |
|
|
Term
What are the gram negative aerobic rods (bacilli) |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rhizobium leguminosarum |
|
|
Term
What are the fast fermenting gram negative enterics |
|
Definition
Klebsiella Escherichia Enterobacter |
|
|
Term
What are the slow fermenting gram negative enterics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the non-coliform enteric pathogens (gram negative enterics) |
|
Definition
Proteus mirabilis Yersinia entercolitica Yersinia pestis |
|
|
Term
What gram negative species cause gastrointestinal problems |
|
Definition
Helicobacter pylori Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi |
|
|
Term
What gram negative species cause dental caries? |
|
Definition
Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. gordonii, Lactobacillus acidophilus |
|
|
Term
What gram negative species cause gingivitis |
|
Definition
Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium and Actinobacteria (anaerobes) |
|
|
Term
What microbes cause periodontal disease |
|
Definition
Campylobacter jejuni, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis |
|
|
Term
What microbes cause gastric and duodenal ulcers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbes cause gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
Salmonella, campylobacter, e. coli |
|
|
Term
What microbe causes dysentery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes antibiotic associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes Asiatic cholera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbes cause food poisoning |
|
Definition
+Staphylococcus aureus +Bacillus cereus +Clostridium perfringens +Clostridium botulinum
Campylobacter jejuni Salmonella typhimurium Escherichia coli O157:H7 |
|
|
Term
What are some common bacterial foodborne pathogens |
|
Definition
Gram Positives: Bacillus cereus Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus
Gram negatives: Escherichia coli Shigella spp. Vibrio cholera Yersinia enterocolitica |
|
|
Term
What microbes cause food infections |
|
Definition
Salmonella E. Coli O157:7 Campylobacter jejuni
+Listeria monocytogenes: Listeriosis |
|
|
Term
What microbes cause general respiratory problems |
|
Definition
Hemophilus influenza Klebsiella pneumonia Legionella pneumophila Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
What microbes cause sinusitis |
|
Definition
Haemophilus influenza Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
What microbe causes strep throat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes diphtheria |
|
Definition
+ Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
|
Term
What microbes cause pneumonia |
|
Definition
Gram positives: Streptococcus pneumonia Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus agalactiae Mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical) Moraxella catarrhalis
Gram negatives: E. Coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Haemophilus influenza Chlamydophila pneumonia (atypical) Legionella pneumonphila (atypical) Klebsiella pneumonia |
|
|
Term
What microbe causes whooping cough |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes tuberculosis |
|
Definition
+ Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
What microbe causes chlamydia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes gonorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbes cause UTI's |
|
Definition
Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis Enterobacter cloacae Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumonia (2nd most common)
+Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
Term
What microbes causes meningitis |
|
Definition
Neisseria meningitides Haemophilus influenza Streptococcus pneumonia Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes |
|
|
Term
What microbe causes otitis externa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes otitis media |
|
Definition
+Streptococcus pneumonia -Haemophilus influenzae |
|
|
Term
What microbe causes acne, boils, pimples, impetigo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes hot tub itch, folliculitis, cellulitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbes cause necrotizing fasciitis |
|
Definition
Gram positives: Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio vulnificus Clostridium perfringenes Bacteroides fragilis |
|
|
Term
What microbe causes anthrax (zoonoses) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes Brucellosis (zoonoses) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes Leptospirosis (zoonoses) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes Lyme disease (arthropod borne) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes Ehrlichiosis (arthropod borne) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes Rickettsiosis (Typhus, Rocky mountain spotted fever) -- arthropod borne |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes plague? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes toxic shock syndrome and scaled skin syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes scarlet fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What microbe causes diptheria |
|
Definition
+ cornebacterium diphtheriae |
|
|
Term
What microbes cause nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
Gram positives: MRSA, Clostridium difficile
Gram negatives: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila |
|
|
Term
what are two groups of unrelated bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
Rickettsias and chlamydiae |
|
|
Term
What microbes can be described as energy parasites, and why? |
|
Definition
Chlamydiae are unable to produce enough ATP to sustain metabolism outside of a host cell |
|
|
Term
What nosocomial infections can Acinetobacter baumanni cause? |
|
Definition
bacteremia, secondary meningitis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU |
|
|
Term
What are the aerobic gram-negative nonenteric bacilli (do not ferment sugars)? |
|
Definition
pseudomonas, pseudomonas aeruginosa, brucella abortis, brucella suis, francisella tularensis, bordetella pertussis, legionella |
|
|
Term
Where can you find the pseudomonas |
|
Definition
free-living, soil, seawater, freshwater, plants, animals |
|
|
Term
Describe the characteristics of the pseudomonas |
|
Definition
small, gram-negative, single polar flagellum, oxidative, metabolically versatile (protease, amylase, pectinase, cellulase) |
|
|
Term
What is most at risk for infections by pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
Definition
burn patients and people with cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
What infections does -pseudomonas aeruginosa cause? |
|
Definition
pneumonia, UTI, abscess, ear and eye infections, septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, bronchopneumonia, corneal infectiosn with contacts, skin rashes |
|
|
Term
What type of pathogen is -pseudomonas aeruginosa and what is it resistant to? |
|
Definition
opportunistic pathogen to the debilitated or immunocompromised. Resists soaps, dyes, quats, drugs, drying and heat. Chronic nosocomial pathogen. |
|
|
Term
What zoonosis does -Brucella cause? How do they affect animals and humans? |
|
Definition
Brucella abortis (cows) Brucella suis (pigs) Brucellosis = Malta fever, undulant fever, Bang's disease.
In animals, it crosses the placenta and causes abortion
In humans, causes fever, chills, sweating, headache, muscle pain, weakness, weight loss, focal infections in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidneys. |
|
|
Term
What does -Francisella tularensis cause? |
|
Definition
Tularensis- Rabbit fever- vectors include rabbits, rodents, wild animals, arthropods. Causes headache, backache, fever, chills, weakness, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, swollen glands. |
|
|
Term
What are the virulence factors of -Bordetella pertussis |
|
Definition
Whooping cough Receptors bind to ciliated epithelium. Toxins kill cells, build up mucus and block airways. |
|
|
Term
What are the two stages of whooping cough |
|
Definition
-Bordetella pertussis
1. catarrhal stage: cold-like 2. paroxysmal stage: coughing fits, "whooping" |
|
|
Term
What does -Legionella cause |
|
Definition
Legionnaire's disease: rising fever, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lung consolidation, impaired respiration, impaired function |
|
|
Term
Describe the characteristics of Legionella pneumophila |
|
Definition
gram-negative motile short rods, filaments, fastidious. Found in fresh water, aerosols, nosocomial |
|
|
Term
Describe the Enterobacteriacae |
|
Definition
Gram-negative, small non-spore forming rods, aerobic, ferment when no O2, facultative anaerobes. Found in soil, water, decaying matter, large bowel. Ferment glucose, nitrates to nitrites, oxidase negative, catalase positive, often motile |
|
|
Term
What is the difference between the coliforms and noncoliforms of the enterobacteriacae? |
|
Definition
coliforms ferment lactose quickly and noncoliforms are non or slow lactose fermenters |
|
|
Term
What are some virulence factors of the enterobacteriacae? |
|
Definition
endotoxins overcome the host defenses quickly and multiply. Also enterotoxins, capsules, hemolysins, fimbrae to colonize the host. |
|
|
Term
What are some antigens of the enterobacteriacae? |
|
Definition
flagellar (H) capsule/fimbri (K) somatic=cell wall = LPS (O) |
|
|
Term
What is the most common enterobacteriacae coliform? Describe some characteristics of it? diseases it causes? |
|
Definition
Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic enteroinvasive enteropathogenic (wasting disease of newborns)
-infantile diarrhea -traveler's diarrhea |
|
|
Term
what are some enterobacteriacae coliforms? |
|
Definition
-Klebsiella pneumonia -Enterobacter -Hafnia -Citrobacter -Serratia |
|
|
Term
What diseases can Klebsiella pneumonia cause? |
|
Definition
nosocomial prneumonai, meningitis, bacteriemia, wound infections, UTI |
|
|
Term
What diseases can -Proteus cause? |
|
Definition
UTI, wounds, pneumonia, septiciemia, infant diarrhea, burns |
|
|
Term
What are some non-coliform pathogens that cause zoonoses |
|
Definition
Salmonella enteriditis S. paratypi S. schottmulleri S. hiirschfield S. typhimurium |
|
|
Term
Describe -Salmonella typhi. What does it cause? |
|
Definition
gram negative noncoliform pathogen. cause typhoid fever. motile. adheres to mucosa of small intestine, progressive invasion that leads to septicemia, then to the lympht nodes, then to the liver and spleen, and ultimately cause bacteremia.
causes fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
noncoliform pathogen. gram negative. causes shigellosis (sever abdominal cramps, watery stool with mucus and blood). also shigella dysentery when it invates the villi of the large intestine.
non-motile, no capsule, not fastidious, no H2S or urease. |
|
|
Term
what are some virulence factors of -Shigella |
|
Definition
endotoxin- fever enterotoxin. causes inflammation, degeneration of the villi, bleeding, heavy mucus production.
Shiga toxin- heat-labile exotoxin
infective dose = 200 cells |
|
|
Term
Describe -Yersinia pestis |
|
Definition
Nonenteric. Causes plague. Gram negative rod. Bipolar stain. |
|
|
Term
What are some virulence factors of Yersinia pestis |
|
Definition
capsular and envelope proteins protect against phagocytosis and promote intracellular growth. also coagulase, endotoxin. |
|
|
Term
What are the three types of plague? |
|
Definition
1. bubonic- bite to lymph node, inflammation = bubo. fever, chills, nausea
2. septicemic: coagulate blood in vessels, subcutaneous hemmorage, purpura to necrosis to gangrene
3. pneumonic: lungs, fatal |
|
|
Term
What are the oxidase-positive nonenteric pathogens? |
|
Definition
-pasteurella multocida (zoonose) -haemophilus -h. influenza -h. aegyptius -h. ducreyi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tiny gram-negative pleomorphic rods. fastidious, sensitive. REquire blood for hemitin (x factor), cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase |
|
|
Term
what does -h. influenza cause |
|
Definition
acute bacterial meningitis |
|
|
Term
what does -h. aegyptius cause? |
|
Definition
conjunctivitis/pink eye. subconjunctival hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
what does -h. ducreyi cause |
|
Definition
chancroid -STD- painful necrotic ulcer on genitalia. lymph nodes swell like buboes. |
|
|
Term
What viruses cause the common cold |
|
Definition
rhinoviruses and coronaviruses- no cure |
|
|
Term
What virus causes influenza (the flu) |
|
Definition
influenza (H1N1)- vaccination - avian and swine flu. cause by RNA viruses transmitted through the air |
|
|
Term
What virus causes Rabies (describe) |
|
Definition
Rabies virus causes acute encephalitis spread through animal bites travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves fatal once it reaches the CNS and symptoms begin to show |
|
|
Term
What viruses cause the common cold |
|
Definition
rhinoviruses and coronaviruses- no cure |
|
|
Term
What virus causes influenza (the flu) |
|
Definition
influenza (H1N1)- vaccination - avian and swine flu. cause by RNA viruses transmitted through the air |
|
|
Term
What virus causes Rabies (describe) |
|
Definition
Rabies virus causes acute encephalitis spread through animal bites travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves fatal once it reaches the CNS and symptoms begin to show |
|
|
Term
What virus causes chicken pox |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
virus that is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes species of mosquitos. causes jaundice, fever, damaged liver and sometimes kidney fever. has a vaccine that can prevent it for ten years. |
|
|
Term
What viruses cause pneumonia |
|
Definition
influenza virus A and B, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Human parainfluenza viruses (in children). can get into the lungs and respiratory system, causing fever and difficulty breathing. |
|
|
Term
What virus causes polio (describe) |
|
Definition
poliomyelitis. acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person via the oral-fecal route. 90% of polio infections cause no symptoms. Range of symptoms if it enters the bloodstream. Oral vaccines given for treatment. |
|
|
Term
What virus causes Measles (Rubeola)-describe |
|
Definition
paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and rash. Contracted through the air like the flu. White dots in the throat are common. Vaccines available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the most common cause of severe diarrheal disease in infants and young children globally. accounts for more than half a million deaths a year due to dehydration. General double-stranded RNA virus. Vaccines available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA virus that causes 90% of epidemic non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world. REsponsibel for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the US. Transmitted by faecally contaminated food or water, person to person contact, or aerosolization of the virus and contamination of surfaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sexually transmitted disease that affects one in five adults in the US. infects nerves and has cycles of infection. The structure of the herpes viruses consist of a relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genome encased within an icosahedral protein cage called a capsid, which is wrapped in a lipid bilayer called the envelope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type A and B have vaccines types A through E are common can be spread through improper food handling and needle sharing.
Viral hepatitis can be caused by Hep A-E, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-barr, yellow fever, and adenoviruses. |
|
|
Term
Describe yellow fever virus |
|
Definition
spread by mosquitos. common problem in tropical areas. causes jaundice. there is a vaccine, but no treatment once someone is infected. fifty percent die once they are in teh toxic phase. |
|
|
Term
describe viral encephalitis |
|
Definition
encephalitis = swelling aroudn the brain. viral sources are transmitted by mosquito bites. vaccine available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transmitted by mosquitos. brain swelling and death are common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly transmissible virus. can sit quietly in the immune system within our cells for many years. can mutate form one person to another, making it hard to develop a vaccine. Transmitted through blood transfusions, unprotected sex, sharing needles. There are now HIV vaccinations that make AIDS more survivable. |
|
|
Term
describe human papillomavirus |
|
Definition
common STD that is hard to test for in men. More than 30-40 types are transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region. Closely associated with genital wards but is also linked to cervical cancer. There is a vaccine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
painful swelling of the salivary glands (parotid gland). disease is self-limiting, no specific treatment besides controlling the symptoms with painkillers. |
|
|
Term
define prodrome (medicine) |
|
Definition
an early symptom or set of symptoms that might indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
german measles. infection fot eh mother during pregnancy can be serious. child may be born with congenital rubella syndrome, which is a range of serious incruable illnesses. Spontaneous abortion can occur in up to 20% of cases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Caused by the SARS coronavirus. |
|
|
Term
Describe the structure of viruses |
|
Definition
contain a single type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat, sometimes enclosed by an envelope composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
Describe how viruses work |
|
Definition
they are obligatory intracellular parasites. they multiply by using the host cell's synthesizing machinery to cause the synthesis of specialized elements that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells. |
|
|
Term
What does host range mean |
|
Definition
the spectrum of host cells in which a virus can multiply. most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host species |
|
|
Term
What is host range determined by |
|
Definition
the specific attachment site on teh host cell's surface and the availability of host cellular factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20 to 1000 nm in length. ascertained by electron microscopy. |
|
|
Term
Describe the nucleic acid of viruses |
|
Definition
viruses contain either DNA or RNA, and the nucleic acid may be single or double stranded, linear or circular, or divided into several separate molecules. |
|
|
Term
Describe viral capsids and envelopes |
|
Definition
the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus is called the capsid. the capsid is composed of subunits, capsomeres, which can be a single type of protein or several types. The capsid of some viruses is enclosed by an envelope consisting of lipids, proteins, and carbs. Some envelopes are covered with carb-protein complexes called spikes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex: ebola virus. resemble long rods, capsids are hollow cylinders surrounding the nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
Decribe polyhedral viruses |
|
Definition
ex: adenovirus many-sided. usually the capsid is an icosahedron |
|
|
Term
Describe enveloped viruses |
|
Definition
covered by an enveope and are roughly spherical but highly pleomorphic.
enveloped helical viruses: influenza enveloped polyhedral viruses: Simplexvirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have complex structures. many bacteriophages have a polyhedral capsid with a helical tail attached. |
|
|
Term
How are viruses classified |
|
Definition
based on what type of nucleic acid, their strategy for replication and their morphology |
|
|
Term
How are virus families and genuses named |
|
Definition
family names end in -viridae; genus names end in -virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a group of viruses sharing the same geneticf information and ecological niche |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the easiest viruses to grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the plague method |
|
Definition
a method to grow viruses in the lab. mixes bacteriophages with host bacteria and nutrient agar.
after several viral multiplication cycles, the bacterial in the area surroudnign the original virus are destroyed; the area of lysis is called a plaque.
each plaque originates with a single viral particle; teh concentraion of viruses is given as plaque-forming units |
|
|
Term
Describe some aspects of growing animal viruses in the lab |
|
Definition
sometimes requires whole animals. simian AIDS and feline AIDS provide models for studying human AIDS. some animal viruses can be cultivated with embryonated eggs. viral growth can cause cytopathic effects in cell culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells growing in culture media in the lab |
|
|
Term
how can viruses be identified |
|
Definition
serological tests RFLPs PCR |
|
|
Term
describe viral multiplication |
|
Definition
viruses do not contain enzymse for energy production or protein synthesis. For a virus to multiply, it must invade a host cell and direct the host's metabolic machinery to produce viral enzymes and components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a phage causes the lysis and death of a host cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some viruses can have their DNA incorporated as a prophage into the DNA of the host cell. |
|
|
Term
Describe the attachment phase of the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
sites of the phage's tail fibers attach to complementary receptor sites on the bacerial cell. |
|
|
Term
Describe the penetration phase of the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
phage lysozyme opens a portion of the bacterial cell wall, the tail sheath contracts to force the tail core thorugh the cell wall, and phage DNA enters the bacterial cell. Capsid remains outside. |
|
|
Term
Describe the biosynthesis phase of the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
transcription of phage DNA produces mRNa coding for proteins necessary for phage multiplication. Phage DNA is replicated, and capsid proteins are produced. |
|
|
Term
Describe the eclipse period of the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
separate phage DNA and protein can be found. |
|
|
Term
Describe maturation during the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
phage DNA and capsids are assembled into complete viruses. |
|
|
Term
Describe the release phase of the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
phage lysozyme breaks down the bacterial cell wall, and the new phages are released. |
|
|
Term
Describe the lysogenic cycle |
|
Definition
prophage genes are regulated by a erpressor coded for by the prophage. The prophage is replicated each time the cell divides. |
|
|
Term
What can cause a cell to switch from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
exposure to certain mutagens can lead to excision fothe prophage and initiation of the lytic cycle. |
|
|
Term
What are the effects of lysogeny |
|
Definition
lysogenic cells become immune to reinfection with the same phage and may undergo phage conversion |
|
|
Term
How can a lysogenic phage transfer bacterial genes |
|
Definition
A lysogenic phage can transfer bacterial genes form one cell to another through transduction. Any genes can be trasnferred in gernealized transduction, and specific genes can be trasnferred in specialized transduction. |
|
|
Term
how do animal viruses attach to the host |
|
Definition
they attach to the plasma membrane of the host cell |
|
|
Term
how does entry of animal viruses occur |
|
Definition
receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion |
|
|
Term
Where does multiplication of animal viruses occur |
|
Definition
int eh cytoplasm of the host cell |
|
|
Term
What does retroviridae reverse transcriptase do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How are viruses relased in animal cells |
|
Definition
budding= method of release adn envelope formation nonenveloped viruses are released through ruptures in the host cell membrane |
|
|
Term
what transforms normal cells to concerous cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are oncogenic viruses |
|
Definition
viruses capable of producing tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remain latent, produce viruses, or transform the host cell |
|
|
Term
what is a latent viral infection |
|
Definition
one in which the virus remains in teh host cell for long periods without producing an infection (cold sores and shingles) |
|
|
Term
what are persistent viral infections |
|
Definition
disease processes that occur over a long period and are generally fatal. caused by conventional viruses; viruses accumulate over a long period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infectious proteins first discovered inteh 1980's. |
|
|
Term
what do prion diseases involve? examples? |
|
Definition
involve the degeneration of brain tissue. CJD and mad cow disease |
|
|
Term
what causes prion diseases |
|
Definition
they are the result of an altered protein. teh cause can be a mutation in the normal gene for PrPC or contact with an altered protein . |
|
|
Term
How to plant viruses enter the host |
|
Definition
through wounds or with invasive parasites like insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infectious pieces of RNA that cause some plant diseases, sucha s potato spindle tuber disase and cocanut cadang cadang viroid |
|
|
Term
describe contagious cancer |
|
Definition
a parasitic cancer or transmissibe cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transmitted form animal to animal. ex: devil facial tumour disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the development of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an abnormal state in which part or all of hte body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing its normal functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microbes that establish permanent colonies inside or on teh body without producing disease |
|
|
Term
define transient microbiota |
|
Definition
microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear |
|
|
Term
what is microbial antagonism |
|
Definition
when normal microbiota prevent pathogens from causing an infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
living together (normal microbes and the host) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one organism benefits, the other is unaffected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one organism benefits at the expense of the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin and corynebacteria that inhabit the surface of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
e.coli that synthesizes vitamins K and B in the gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are opportunistic microbes |
|
Definition
microbes that do not cause disease under normal conditions but cause disease under special conditions (e.coli) |
|
|
Term
What are Koch's postulates |
|
Definition
1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease 2. the pathogen must be isolated in pure culture 3. the pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible lab animal 4. teh pathogen must be re-isolated from the inoculated lab animal |
|
|
Term
what are some exceptions to Koch's postulates |
|
Definition
1. things that cannot grow on artifical media 2. some disease have unequivocal signs and symptoms 3. some disease (pneumonia) may be caused by a variety of microbes 4. some pathogens (S. pyogenes) can cause different diseases. 5. some diseases (HIV) affect humans only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subjective changes in body functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
objective changes (measurable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a specific group of symptosm or signs that always accompanies a specific disease |
|
|
Term
how are communicable diseases transmitted |
|
Definition
directly or indirectly from one host to another |
|
|
Term
what is a contagious disease |
|
Definition
one that is easily spread |
|
|
Term
what is disease incidence |
|
Definition
number of people contracting the disease |
|
|
Term
what is disease prevalenec |
|
Definition
number of cases at a particular time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one that develops rapidly but lasts a short time (influenza) |
|
|
Term
what is a chronic disease |
|
Definition
develops slowly, but is likely to continue or recur for long periods (tuberculosis, hep B) |
|
|
Term
what is a subacute disease |
|
Definition
one that is intermediate between acute and chronic (sclerosing panencephalitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oen in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms (shingles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the presence of immunity to a disease in most of the population |
|
|
Term
what is a local infection |
|
Definition
affects a small area of the body |
|
|
Term
what is a systemic infection |
|
Definition
spread throughout the body via the circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
what is a focal infection |
|
Definition
a local infection that spread systemically to another spot on the body, where it is located. |
|
|
Term
what is a primary infection |
|
Definition
an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
|
|
Term
what is a secondary infection |
|
Definition
one that can occur after the host is weakened from a primary infection |
|
|
Term
what is an inapparent or subclinical infection |
|
Definition
one that does not cause any signs of disease in the host |
|
|
Term
what is a predisposing factor |
|
Definition
something that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease (age, gender, climate, fatigure, poor nutrition) |
|
|
Term
what is the incubation period |
|
Definition
the interval between the initial infection and the first appearane of signs and symptoms. |
|
|
Term
what is the prodromal period |
|
Definition
characterized by the appearane of teh first mild signs and symptoms |
|
|
Term
what is the period of illness |
|
Definition
the diease is at its height,a nd all disease signs and symptoms are apparent. |
|
|
Term
what is the period of decline |
|
Definition
the signs and symptoms subside |
|
|
Term
what is the period of convalescence |
|
Definition
the body retursn to its prediseased state and health is restored. |
|
|
Term
what are the five stages to the development of a disease |
|
Definition
1. incubation period. 2. prodromal period. 3. period of illness 4. period of decline 5. period of convalescence. |
|
|
Term
what is a reservoir of infection |
|
Definition
a continual source of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans |
|
|
Term
what is droplet transmission |
|
Definition
transmission via saliva or mucus in coughing or sneezing. |
|
|
Term
what is vehicle transmission |
|
Definition
transmission by a meidum such as water, food, or air |
|
|
Term
what is airborne transmission |
|
Definition
pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance greater than one meter |
|
|
Term
how do arthropod vectors transmit disease |
|
Definition
1. mechanical (flies carrying the diease on them, spores, etc.. ex: cholora) 2. biological (malaria) |
|
|
Term
what is a nosocomial infection |
|
Definition
any infection tha tis acquired during the course of stay in a hospital |
|
|
Term
what is a health care associated infection |
|
Definition
include infections that are acquired in a setting other than a hospital |
|
|
Term
how many hospital patients acquire nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how are normal microbes responsible for nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
when they are introduced into the body through such medical procedures as surgery and catheterization |
|
|
Term
what bacteria are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
opportunistic, drug-resistant, gram-negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
how are nosocomial infections transmitted |
|
Definition
through direct contact between staff members and patients and between patients, and through fomites such as catheters, syringes, and respiratory devices. |
|
|
Term
what are emerging infectious diseases |
|
Definition
new diseases and diseases that are increasing in incidence |
|
|
Term
what leads to emerging infectious diseases |
|
Definition
the use of antibiotics and pesticides, climatic changes, travel, the lack of vaccinations, and improved case reporting |
|
|
Term
who is responsible for surveillance and response to emerging infectious diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the science of epidemiology |
|
Definition
the study of the transmission, incidence, and frequency of disease |
|
|
Term
what is descriptive epidemiology |
|
Definition
data about infected people are collected and analyzed |
|
|
Term
what is analytical epidemiology |
|
Definition
a group of infected people is compared with an uninfected group |
|
|
Term
what is experimental epidemiology |
|
Definition
controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses are performed |
|
|
Term
what does case reporting do |
|
Definition
it provides data on incidence and prevalence to local, state, and national health officials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the ability of a pathogen to produce a disease by overcoming the defenses of the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the degree of pathogenicity |
|
|
Term
what is the portal of entry |
|
Definition
the specific route by which a particular pathogen gains access to the body |
|
|
Term
what is the parenteral route (portal of entry) |
|
Definition
when some microbes gain access to tissues by inoculation through the skin and mucous membranes in bites, injections, and other wounds. route of penetration |
|
|
Term
what are some common portals of entry |
|
Definition
mucous membranes of the conjunctiva and the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts. Most microbes cannot penetrate intact skin- they enter hair follicles and sweat ducts |
|
|
Term
what is the preferred portal of entry |
|
Definition
many microbes can cause infections only when they gain access through their specific portal of entry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lethal dose for 50% of the inoculated hosts - a way of expressing virulence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infectious dose for 50% of the inoculated hosts- a way of expressing virulence |
|
|
Term
how do pathogens adhere to the host? |
|
Definition
surface projections on a pathogen called adhesins (ligands) adhere to complementary receptors on the host cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surface projections on a pathogen. They can be glycoproteins or lipoproteins and are frequently associated with fimbriae. |
|
|
Term
What is the most common receptor on host cells for pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what effect do biofilms have on pathogenicity? |
|
Definition
they provide attachment and resistance to antimicrobial agents |
|
|
Term
what is the purpose of a capsule |
|
Definition
they prevent the cell from being phagocytized |
|
|
Term
what is the function of proteins in the cell wall of pathogens? |
|
Definition
proteins in the cell wall can facilitate adherence or prevent a pathogen from being phagocytized |
|
|
Term
what does coagulase do? why is this important? |
|
Definition
local infections can be protected in a fibrin clot caused by the bacterial enzyme coagulase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzymes that destroy blood clots and facilitate the spread of bacteria from a focal infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterial enzymes that destroy a mucopolysaccharide that holds cells together and facilitates the spread of bacteria from a focal infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze connective tissue called collagen and that help bacteria spread from focal infections |
|
|
Term
what are the three enzymes that allow bacteria to spread from a focal infection |
|
Definition
kinases, hyaluronidase, and collagenase |
|
|
Term
what is antigenic variation |
|
Definition
when microbes vary their expression of antigens in order to avoid the host's antibodies |
|
|
Term
how to bacteria penetrate the host cell cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
bacteria may produce proteins that alter the actin of the host cell's cytoskeleton allowing bacteria into the cell |
|
|
Term
how do bacteria get iron from the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how do bacterial pathogens directly damage host cells |
|
Definition
host cells can be destroyed when pathogens metabolize and multiply inside host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poisonous substances produced by microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the presence of toxins in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the ability to produce toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
toxins produced by bacteria that are released into the surrounding medium. They produce the disease symptoms, not the bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibodies produced against exotoxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they consist of an active component that inhibits a cellular process and a binding component that attaches to the two portions to the target cell. Ex: diphtheria toxin |
|
|
Term
what do membrane-disrupting toxins cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what do superantigens do? |
|
Definition
they cause the release of cytokines, which cause fever, nausea, and other symptoms (toxic shock syndrome toxin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the lipid A component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
what causes the release of endotoxins |
|
Definition
bacterial cell death, antibiotics, and antibodies |
|
|
Term
what does the release of endotoxins cause |
|
Definition
fever (by inducing the release of interleukin-1) and shock (because of a TNF-induced decrease in blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
what do endotoxins allow bacteria to do? |
|
Definition
cross the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
what is the Limulus amobocyte lysate assay used for? |
|
Definition
to detect endotoxins in drugs and on medical devices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins, capsules, and fimbriae |
|
|
Term
what can lysogenic conversion create? |
|
Definition
bacteria with virulence factors, such as toxins or capsules |
|
|
Term
how do viruses avoid the host's immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are cytopathic effects (CPE)? |
|
Definition
visible signs of viral infections |
|
|
Term
what are cytocidal effects |
|
Definition
cell death caused by a virus |
|
|
Term
what are noncytocidal effects |
|
Definition
damage to the cell (but not death) caused by a virus |
|
|
Term
what are some cytopathic effects of viruses |
|
Definition
stopping mitosis, lysis, formation of inclusion bodies, cell fusion, antigenic changes, chromosomal changes, and transformation |
|
|
Term
what are symptoms of fungal infections caused by |
|
Definition
capsules, toxins, and allergic responses. |
|
|
Term
what are symptoms of protozoan and helminthic diseases caused by |
|
Definition
damage to host tissue or by the metabolic waste products of the parasite |
|
|
Term
how to some protozoa avoid destruction by the host's antibodies |
|
Definition
they change their surface antigens while growing in a host |
|
|
Term
what are some pathogenic properties of algae? |
|
Definition
some can produce neurotoxins that cause paralysis when ingested by humans |
|
|
Term
what are three common portals of exit for pathogens |
|
Definition
1. the respiratory tract via coughing or sneezing 2. the gastrointestinal tract via saliva or feces 3. the genitourinary tract via secretions from the vagina or penis |
|
|
Term
what is a portal of exit for microbes in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the Aquificae bacteria |
|
Definition
thought to be the oldest branch of bacteria. Hyperthermophilic and Chemolithoautotrophic. They generate energy by oxidizing electron donors such as hydrogen, thiosulfate, and sulfur with oxygen as the electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
Describe the Thermotogae bacteria |
|
Definition
the second oldest branch of bacteria. Hyperthermophiles (80-90C). Gram negative rods with an outer sheath-like envelope that can balloon out from the ends of the cell. They grow in geothermal areas like marine hydrothermal vents. They are chemoheterotrophs with a functional glycolytic pathway. They can grow anaerobically on carbs and protein digests. |
|
|
Term
Describe the Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria |
|
Definition
Three genera- genus Deinococcus is the best studied. Spherical or rod-shaped, often associated in pairs or tetrads. They are aerobic, mesophilic, and catalase positive. They stain gram positive but have a layered cell wall and an outer cell membrane like gram negative bacteria. They are extremely resistant to desiccation and radiation. |
|
|
Term
Describe the biology of deinococci |
|
Definition
they can be isolated from ground meat, feces, air, fresh water, and other sources. they have a genome that consists of two circular chromosomes (a mega plasmid and a small plasmid) They have an unusual ability to repair chromosomal damage |
|
|
Term
What are the three groups of photosynthetic bacteria |
|
Definition
purple bacteria, green bacteria, and cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they carry out oxygenic photosynthesis. they use water as an electron source for the generation of NADH and NADPH. They have chlorophyll a, which absorbs longer wavelengths of light. They are found mostly at the surface of bodies of water. |
|
|
Term
describe purple sulfur bacteria |
|
Definition
they use reduced sulfur compounds as electron sources and accumulate sulfur granules within their cells. They are anaerobes and use bacteriochlorophyll pigments. |
|
|
Term
describe green sulfur bacteria |
|
Definition
obligately anaerobic photolithoautotrophs. deposit sulfur granules outside of the cell. they lack flagella and are nonmotile. they are morphologically diverse. |
|
|
Term
describe purple nonsulfur bacteria |
|
Definition
they use organic molecules as their electron source. Anaerobic |
|
|
Term
Describe green nonsulfur bacteria |
|
Definition
filamentous, gliding bacteria. thermophilic. anoxygenic photosynthesis with organic compounds as carbon sources or can grou aerobically as a chemoheterotroph. |
|
|
Term
where are the photosynthetic pigments of cyanobacteria located |
|
Definition
in the thylakoid membranes |
|
|
Term
how do cyanobacteria fix carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what pathway plays an important role in the metabolism of cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
the pentose phosphate pathway |
|
|
Term
what are trichomes (cyanobacteria) |
|
Definition
rows of bacterial cells that are in close contact with one another over a large area |
|
|
Term
how do cyanobacteria reproduce |
|
Definition
through binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and multiple fission |
|
|
Term
what does fragmentation create |
|
Definition
small motile filaments called hormogonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick-walled resting cells that are resistant to desiccation; they often germinate to form new filaments. formed by cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
Describe the phylum Chlamydia |
|
Definition
nonmotile, coccoid, gram-negative bacteria. |
|
|
Term
how do chlamydia reproduce |
|
Definition
within the cytoplasmic vesicles of host cells by a unique developmental cycle involving elementary bodies and reticulate bodies |
|
|
Term
describe the genomes of chlamydias |
|
Definition
they have one of the smallest prokaryotic genomes |
|
|
Term
what are the three human pathogens in the Phylum Chlamydiae |
|
Definition
C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
What does Chlamydia trachomatis cause |
|
Definition
trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis, and other diseases in humans and mice |
|
|
Term
What does Chlamydia psittaci cause |
|
Definition
psittacosis in humans and infects many other mammals as well. invades the respiratory and genital tracts, the placenta, developing fetuses, they eye, and synovial fluid of the joints |
|
|
Term
What does Chlamydia pneumonia cause |
|
Definition
human pneumonia and possibly atherosclerosis and heart disease |
|
|
Term
Describe the Phylum Spirochaetes |
|
Definition
they are gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, flexibly helical bacteria that exhibit a crawling motility due to a structure called an axial filament. |
|
|
Term
What are some important members of the Phylum Spirochaetes |
|
Definition
Treponema and Borrelia. T. Ppallidum causes syphilis B. burgdorferi causes Lyme disease |
|
|
Term
Describe the proteobacteria |
|
Definition
they are the largest and most diverse group of bacteria. Some believe that they arouse from a photosynthetic ancestor. |
|
|
Term
What are the five classes of the proteobacteria |
|
Definition
1. Alphaproteobacteria 2. Betaproteobacteria 3. Gammaproteobacteria 4. Deltaproteobacteria 5. Epsilonproteobacteria |
|
|
Term
Describe the genera Rickettsia of the proteobacteria |
|
Definition
they are in the alphaproteobacteria. They are either parasitic or mutualistic. They enter the host by phagocytosis, escape the phagosome, and then reproduce in the cytoplasm by binary fission. The host cell eventually bursts and releases the new organisms. |
|
|
Term
What does Rickettsia ricketsii cause |
|
Definition
rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
|
Term
Describe Rhizobium leguminosarum |
|
Definition
they are proteobacteria that grow symbiotically within the root nodules cells of legumes as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids |
|
|
Term
Describe the genus Agrobacterium of the family Rhizobiaceae |
|
Definition
they are not capable of nitrogen fixation. Invades crown, roots, and stems of many plants and transforms infected plant cells into autonomously proliferating tumors. |
|
|
Term
What does Agrobacterium tumefaciens cause |
|
Definition
causes crown gall disease by means of a tumor inducing plasmid |
|
|
Term
Describe the genus Neisseria of the class Betaproteobacteria |
|
Definition
they are nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative cocci. They are inhabitants of the mucous membranes of animals and human pathogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what causes bacterial meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the genus Bordetella |
|
Definition
gram-negative aerobic coccobacilli. Chemoorganotrophs with respiratory metabolism. They require organic sulfur and nitrogen in the form of amino acids for growth. They are mammaliam parasites that multiply in the respiratory epithelial cells. Betaproteobacteria |
|
|
Term
Describe Bordetella pertussis |
|
Definition
nonmotile, encapsulated species that causes whooping cough |
|
|
Term
What is the largest class of the proteobacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the genus Pseudomonas (gammaproteobacteria) |
|
Definition
aerobic respiratory chemoheterotrophs. some are major animal and plant pathogens (P. aeruginosa) |
|
|
Term
Describe the family Vibrionaceae (gammaproteobacteria) |
|
Definition
gram-negative, straight or curved rods with polar flagella. They are oxidase-positive and use D-glucose as their sole or primary carbon and energy source. They are aquatic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the order enterobacteriales |
|
Definition
consists of one family containing over 41 genera. they are all gram-negative, peitrichously flagellated or nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods with simple nutritional requirements. |
|
|
Term
give some examples of enterobacteriales |
|
Definition
Escherichia, proteus, salmonella, shigella, enterobacter, serratia, erwinia, klebsiella |
|
|
Term
describe the class epsilonproteobacteria |
|
Definition
the smallest of the proteobacteria groups. contains one order with two families. Campylobacter and Helicobacter are the most important genera. They are microaerophiles, motile, helical or vibroid, gram negative rods. |
|
|
Term
describe the genus Campylobacter |
|
Definition
epsilonproteobacteria. C. jejuni- causes abortion in sheep and enteritis diarrhea in humans |
|
|
Term
describe the genus helicobacter |
|
Definition
epsilonproteobacteria H. pylori- cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. produces large quantities of urease and urea hydrolysis appears to be associated with their virulence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a combination of a green alga (or a cyanobacterium) and a fungus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the feeding and growing stage of a protozoan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multiple fission: the nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides |
|
|
Term
how do protozoans reproduce sexually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is protozoan encystment |
|
Definition
under certain adverse conditions, some protozoa produce a protective capsule called a cyst. it permits the organism to survive when food, moisture, or oxygen are lacking, when the temperature is not suitable, or when there are toxic chemicals present. |
|
|
Term
describe the nutritional requirements of protozoans |
|
Definition
they are aerobic heterotrophs, although many are capable of anaerobic growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mouth-like opening found on ciliated protozoans |
|
|
Term
where does digestion take place on protozoans |
|
Definition
in membrane enclosed vacuoles |
|
|
Term
what is the name of a parasite that does not have mitochondria and creates cysts |
|
Definition
Giardia lamblia (protozoan). causes giardiasis. diagnosed by cysts in the feces. |
|
|
Term
what is the name for a protozoan that has an undulating membrane and lacks mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans. photoautotrophs. they have a semirigid plasma membrane called a pellicle. move by means of a flagella at the anterior end. they have an eyespot to sense light. they are facultative chemoheterotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans that are blood parasites. they are transmitted by the bites of blood feeding insects and are found in the circulatory system of the infected host. Includes the genus Trypanosoma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans that move by extending blunt, lobelike projections of the cytoplasms called pseudopods. |
|
|
Term
what is the only pathogenic ameba |
|
Definition
Entamoeba histolytica- found in the human intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans that are not motile in their mature forms and are obligate intracellular parasites. (Plasmodium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the infective stage of plasmodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
progeny of sporozoites that can infect RBCs |
|
|
Term
what is a definitive host |
|
Definition
the host that harbors the sexually reproducing stage of the bug (mosquito for malaria) |
|
|
Term
what is the intermediate host |
|
Definition
the host in which the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction (the human for malaria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans that have cilia that are similar to but shorter than flagella. |
|
|
Term
what is the only ciliate that is a human parasite |
|
Definition
Balantidium coli- causes a rare type of dysentary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans that are closely related to amebae. Two types: cellular and plasmodial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multicellular eukaryotic animals that generally possess digestive, circulatory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems. |
|
|
Term
What differences can be made between parasitic helmintsh and their free-living relatives |
|
Definition
parasitic helminthes may lack a digestive system, their nervous system is reduced, their means of locomotion is reduced, and their reproductive system is often complex |
|
|
Term
describe the platyhelminths |
|
Definition
flatworms. classes of parasitic flatworms include trematodes and cestodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flatworms that are called flukes. they obtain food by absorbing it through their nonliving outer covering, called the cuticle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
called tapeworms. they are intestinal parasites. their head is called the scolex. their body is made of segments called proglottids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoans. roundworms. males are smaller than females. most species are dioecious. |
|
|
Term
how do protozoans reproduce asexually |
|
Definition
fission, budding, or schizogony |
|
|
Term
how do cellular slime molds get their nutrition |
|
Definition
they ingest bacteria by phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
how do plasmodial slime molds get their nutrition |
|
Definition
they engulf organic debris and bacteria as it moves |
|
|
Term
what are the nematodes that infect humans with their larvae |
|
Definition
hookworms and Trichinella |
|
|